, , . no not.
not - , , 蒒 :
- -:
He is not a student of the Krasnodar University of the MIA. - .
He is not studying law. - .
He is not going to serve in the Militia. - .
He does not know the science of Criminology. - .
He must not do that. - .
Not nt, isnt, dont, cant, etc.
It is cold, isnt it? - , ?
It isnt cold, is it? - , ?
:
There is not one problem to solve for the Militia. - .
:
There are not many interesting books in his library. - .
:
You must take not this but that thing. - , .
The book is not on the table, but in the case. - , .
:
That is not for me but for you. - , .
- :
Not only but also - ,
He must not only solve crimes but also prevent them. - , .
:
They try not to disturb evidence. - .
:
Not at all - , , .
no , 咒 :
- .
, , :
No man can answer it. .
there (to be):
There is no chair of physics at our Law Institute. .
- to have:
He has no relatives here. .
- :
No more , ()
No wonder
No matter ,
No smoking
No doubt -
:
- no body, -thing:
Nobody
Nothing
, , :
Nobody knows it. - .
There is nothing new in it. - .
- :
Nothing of the kind
To have nothing to do with - , .
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- none , , , :
Bill has many relatives here, but I have none. , .
- neither , ; , :
Neither of you knows this. .
: unless - ; neither nor -
I shall not go unless the weather is fine. , .
I know neither him nor his relatives. , ( ).
: never ; neither - ; nowhere - , .
One never knows. .
If you do not go, neither shall I. , .
He will go nowhere. .
:
Never mind! , !
!
fail failure :
If the officers fail to identify the suspect, they will not be able to solve the crime. , .
without :
The officers will not solve the crime without finding some important evidence of its commission. , ( ) .
: -in (-im, -il, -ir); -un; -less.
Impossible - ; illegal - ; unimportant - ; unusual - ; careless - ; useless - .
Exercise 1. Translate into Russian paying attention to the ways of expressing negation in English:
A good field-criminalist never forgets to use a modern crime technique during crime scene search.
He knows no people in this locality.
The searchers try not to disturb anything at the crime scene.
There is not one method of interrogation.
There are no suspects in some cases.
Nobody knows the number of that car.
We never have practice on Sundays.
She does not work at this problem.
The prosecutors office is not far from here.
No transport stops here.
We see nothing interesting in this question.
The police have no evidence against this suspect.
No two fingerprints are absolutely identical.
They are not going to ferret out his plans.
None of the group want(s) to do that.
He could find neither him nor his relatives.
Some police cadets fail to take good photographs of the crime scene.
Gerund ()
, -ing , :
To investigate investigating
To protect protecting
: , , .
Participle I, , , - : of, about, from, for, by, without, on, in, etc.
, .
:
|
|
|
:
He was accused of committing a crime. -
:
His being guilty is evident. - , , .
The officers identifying the criminal helped arrested him. , , .
:
:
I remember having read this article on criminology. - , .
:
He likes reading aloud. - .
3) :
| Voice Tense | Active | Passive |
| Indefinite Perfect | reading having read | being read having being read |
:
1) :
Patrolling is one of the preventive methods. - .
2 ) :
An arrest is taking a person into custody. - .
against - , for - , :
We are against punishing him so severely. - , .
3) .
. , , :
To finish
To stop ,
To go on
To need, to require, to want ,
To enjoy
To delay
:
Police finished investigating the case. -
: to stop .
He stopped to smoke. - , .
He stopped smoking. - .
4) .
, , , . :
To be fond of
To be proud of
To be afraid of
To be busy with (-)
To be responsible for -
To be surprised at
To be interested in
To prevent from
To result in -
To accuse of -
To think of -
To depend on -
To insist on -
I am proud of being a citizen of Russia. , .
He was suspected of committing a crime. .
5) .
of for, :
There are different methods of solving a crime. - .
.
:
on (upon) ,
before
after
in ,
instead of
in spite of
by ,
besides
without
for the purpose of (with the aim of) .
:
After being identified the criminal was arrested. - .
:
R 
eading ( by)
,
I think of reading this book. - .
- ,
.
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Exercise 1. Translate into Russian paying attention to gerunds.
Interviewing is a way of obtaining information.
The investigator may get the information by interviewing witnesses and by interrogating suspects.
By collecting the facts and gathering the evidence the investigator solves the crime.
It is impossible to achieve the aim without doing the work carefully and properly.
The investigator needs witnesses capable of giving him helpful information.
The main task of police work is the task of protecting society against crime.
British police forces have additional departments for dealing with special aspects of police work.
Sometimes obtaining information is a very difficult thing.
Catching, arresting and bringing the criminal to justice is the objective of every investigation.
Laws are made for the sake of society and man with the aim of protecting them.
Exercise 2. Say what part of speech the underlined ing forms are and translate the sentences into Russian:
While speaking to a victim or witness, the main task of the detective is his ability to conduct a productive interview.
Despite their importance, interviewing skills are primarily learned on the job.
Having productive informants is essential in many criminal cases.
Some states in the USA require a grand jury hearing in felony cases.
The grand jury consists of 12 13 persons who sit for 3 to 18 months depending on the jurisdiction.
The no contest plea (the same as a guilty plea) is often used when a person is facing both criminal and civil charges.
The patrol officer, in taking the original report, will talk with the victim to find out what happened.
When protecting a crime scene, the officer must remember that nothing is to be touched or moved.
An officer stopping a person for a minor violation of the law has no way of knowing whether the person is wanted for a felony or misdemeanor.
Education is a factor that has no exclusive hearing on the crime problem but must be considered.
Exercise 3. Translate into English using a gerund:
, , .
.
.
.
.
.
Gerundial Constructions
, ( ), , . , :
I like her singing. - , .
The detectives knowing the identity of the suspect helped him make an arrest. -, , .
, , .
:
I couldnt (cant) help doing it.
( ) .
I dont feel like doing it.
( ) .
I feel like eating ice-cream.
.
Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences paying attention to Complex Gerund:
I know of his taking an interest in criminology.
My brothers becoming a good investigator resulted from his great experience.
Her going in for sports regularly helps her to feel better.
The offenders being arrested at the crime scene came as a result of quick police actions.
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Her being prosecuted for misdemeanor is natural.
His being placed on bail is explained by the nature of his offence.
His pleading not guilty does not mean that he is innocent.
Their knowing this news surprised the investigator.
Their presenting proper evidence to the court proved the guilt of the defendant.
After their informing us of the news we changed our plans.
Word Formation
- Formation of nouns
1. Verb + suffix = noun
To elect -tion (-ion) election
To examine examination
To govern - ment government
To appoint appointment
To teach - er (-or) teacher
To mug mugger
To assist - ance (-ence) assistance
To differ difference
To press - ure pressure
To seize seizure
To pass - age passage ,
To defend - ant defendant
To defend - ce defence
To acquit - al acquittal
To proceed - ing proceeding
Verb noun
to judge judge
to assault assault
()
Verb noun
t o suspect suspect
to convict convict
4. noun + suffix = noun
Arson - ist arsonist
Robber - y robbery
Friend - ship friendship
5. adjective + suffix = noun
Just - ce justice
Kind - ness kindness
Free - dom freedom
6. noun + noun = noun
Law maker lawmaker
Birth day birthday
- Formation of adjective
1. noun + suffix = adjective
Tradition -al traditional
Law -ful lawful
Law - less lawless
Danger - ous dangerous
Wind - y windy
2. verb + suffix = adjective
To legislate - ive legislative
To change - able changeable
To differ - ent different ,
- Prefix and word formation
1. prefix + adjective = adjective
- Un lawful unlawful
- in capable incapable
- im possible impossible
- il legal illegal
2. prefix + noun = verb
- en act to enact
- im prison to imprison
- in trust to intrust
- Formation of adverbs
Adjective + suffix -ly = adverb
Legal - ly legally ,
The Participle
, . , : I (Participle I) II (Participle II).
Participle I
Participle I , -ing. Participle buying, studying. 钒, 钒, , , . , Participle I :
Buying - being bought -
Having bought - having been bought
, Participle I -ing ( )
I
| Active Voice | Passive Voice | |
| Non-perfect(indefinite) | selling performing | being sold being performed |
| Perfect | having sold having performed | having been sold having been performed |
I (Indefinite participle I) , , - .
While reading a book she laughed a lot. - , . ( , ).
. I to see (), to hear (), to come (), to enter (), to arrive () , -.
He, hearing the steps on the gravel, turned sharply round. - , .
I (Perfect participle I) , , , - .
Having read the book I gave it to Peter. - , .
|
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I .
I
The boy reading a book is a friend of mine.
, , .
While studying at the University I got interested in
psychology
,
.
Having read the book I gave it to Peter.
, .
Participle II
Participle II , . II ed. .
II I, , (.. , ).
Participle II , -, -, -:
translated ,
developed ,
Participle II, Participle I, :
The fine paid amounted to three hundred
( ) dollars.
300
.
If invited, he will come.
( , .
when, while, if)
. Participle II Past Indefinite . , , -ed, , , .
Exercise 1. Make Participle I from the following verbs and translate them into Russian:
To take - to investigate -
To compare - to commit -
To fight - to detect -
To defend - to apprehend -
Exercise 2. Translate the following word-combinations paying attention to Participle I and Participle II:
Changing facts changed facts
Apprehending officer apprehended officer
Proving facts proved facts
Training officer trained officer
Developing countries developed countries
Exercise 3. Name the form of Participle:
Proclaimed, being investigated, committing, having been appointed, having developed, being directed, administering, having been protected, being tried, divided.
Exercise 4. Use Participle II and translate.
Model: to accuse a person an accused person
to prepare document
to employ a person
to argue a case in the court
to make investigations
to eliminate a division
Exercise 5. Pay attention to the position of single Participle II and its translation into Russian. Translate the sentences.
Model: The work done was of great interest.
.
The problem discussed aroused interest.
The experiment made gave good results.
The lecture delivered caused discussion.
The letter posted was not delivered to the addressee.
The method employed gave good results.
The data reported were used in the experiment.
The participants of the scientific conference adopted all he items of the agenda proposed.
The paper reviewed dealt with the new achievements in computer technology.
Exercise 6. Translate the sentences paying attention to the forms of Participle:
Reading the book I learn much that was new to me.
Being asked in French I could not understand what I was asked.
Having heard of all the details of that situation I decided to help my friend.
Having been put at the Congress these problems have remained very important.
Not knowing what to do I made up my mind to consult a lawyer.
All criminal trials in Britain are held before a judge and a jury consisting of twelve ordinary people.
The police investigating the case are looking for three men.
The police never found the money stolen in the robbery.
The document corrected cannot be accepted.
My question remained unanswered.
Exercise 7. Use the appropriate participle form:
During the interrogation the investigator used the latest methods (to recommend).
Journalists (to take part) in the press-conference are admitted by a special pass.
(To pass) the examinations successfully students enjoyed their summer holidays.
People (to study) foreign languages can acquire good knowledge if they have regular conversational practice.
They carried out their investigation (to use) the best modern devices.
(Not to know) of their arrival I could not meet them at the railway station.
(To ask) a particular personal question he felt confused.
Exercise 8. Translate into English using Participle I and II:
1. , , .
2. , .
3. , .
4. .
5. , , .
6. , .
7. , , .
