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, [26, 50], [30].
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, , . , . , -, . ... [31], 265 23- ( 2 . . .), 1930- . , 70- 70 % . . , 1,2 . . .
. , . . [1921, 4650], - GLORIA (Global Research Initiative in Alpine Environments), , . 30- ( 3 . . .) , 50100 . 70 % , 35 %. . , . - , 璺 . [31].
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1 4 10 . ֳ , , .
³ , . , . , . , [46, 48].
[49] 10- , . , 11,4 12,7 1 2, 11,8 %. ϳ (trailing edge) (leading edge).
, [31, 43, 47] . (100150-) , (the Little Ice Age) [23], . , , 14001500 18501900 ., [29, 41]. .
- , , 19051985 19852003 . [56]. , , .
, [13].
, (species optimum elevation) , [37, . 1768]. , 29 10 .
, , , . , , [49], . , . , , , , . ֳ , , . . , , [54].