RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, IS-IS, BGP, . , , , . , . 㳿 . , , , .
.
, , . ' , , ' Ethernet WAN-', xDSL, PPP, , Frame relay . , .
.
ᒺ . IP , .
?
( ) ,
' .
Netstat ?
³ TCP, , ',
Ethernet, IP, IPv4 ( IP, ICMP, TCP UDP) IPv6 ( IPv6, ICMPv6, TCP IPv6 UDP IPv6).
Ping ?
‐ ICMP ' IP ', TCP/IP. ϳ ‐. Ping TCP/IP‐ , ', .
Pathping ?
. pathping ‐ , , , , .
Tracert ?
‐ Control Message Protocol (ICMP) (Time to Live, TTL). , .
Ipconfig ?
TCP/IP
DHCP DNS.