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1780

 

1780

 

 

, , , -, , , . , , , , : , , . , , 200 , . , , . ? . , XIX , : , , , , .[1], , -, , , , . 1520 , , , . . . : , , 1973 .[2] , , . , XIX , , , , , . , ? [3] .

, , , , . , , . , , .[4] , , , , Die Nationalitaten frage [5]. , , , ( ), .[6]

, , , , - , . .[7] , , , , , ( , ).[8] , , . , (, , ) , , . -, , , , .[9] XVIII , , .

, . , , , ; , , .[10]

, ; , , , , . ( .) , , , , 19681988 . , 40- . , , , , ( ).[11] . , - .

 

Hroch, Mlroslav. Social Preconditions of National Revival in Europe. Cambridge, 1985. , 1968 1971 .

Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities. London, 1983.

Armstrong, J. Nations before Nationalism. Chapel Hill, 1982.

Breullly, J. Nationalism and the State. Manchester, 1982.

Cole, John W. & Wolf, Eric R. The Hidden Frontier: Ecology and Ethnicity in an Alpine Valley. New York London, 1974.

Fishman, J. (ed.) Language Problems of Developing Countries. New York, 1968.

Gellner, Ernest. Nations and Nationalism. Oxford, 1983. (1987), The attitude of popular classes towards national movements for independence ( ) Commission Internationale d'Histoire des Mouvements Sociaux et Structures Sociales, Mouvements nationaux d'independance et classes populaires aux XIX et XX siecles en Occident et en Orient, 2 vols. Paris, 1971, vol. 1, P. 3444; Some reflections on nationalism : . J. Nossiter, A. H. Hanson, Stein Rokkan (eds.). Imagination and Precision in the Social Sciences: Essays in Memory of Peter Nettl. London, 1972, P. 385406; Reflections on The Break-Up of Britain (New Left Review, 105, 1977); What is the worker's country? (. 4 Worlds of Labour, London, 1984); Working-class internationalism : F. van Holthoon and Marcel van der Linden (eds.). Internationalism in the Labour Movement. Leiden New York Copenhagen Cologne, 1988, P. 216. 11

Hobsbawm, E. J. & Ranger, Terence (eds.) The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge, 1983. Smith, A. D. Theories of Nationalism (2 ed, London, 1983. Szucs, Jeno. Nation und Geschichte: Studien. Budapest, 1981. Tilly, C. (ed.) The Formation of National States in Western Europe. Princeton, 1975.

, , , , , Gwyn, A. Williams. When was Wales? .: The Welsh in their History. London-Canberra, 1982.

 

: ( )? : , , , , , - , , . , , , , , , , . , , a priori , . , , .

, , , ; , , , , , , , . . , , , , , , , .[12] : , , . , , , , , ( ) , . , , , , , ?

, , , , , , , ; , ,

, . , . : , , , . -, , , , , (sic). -, , , , . , -, .[13]

: , , , , . , . , , ( - ). , , 41% , , (). , , , , - , : ( 71 95% , , ), , , , 20 33% (, ). , 1987 , . , , , , , ( , ) ; , , , , . , , , , - . , , , , , , , , , , , - . ? ( : ), , -, , , .[14] , - , , , . : , . , , , . , , .

[] ( 1960- ) , , , , , . , , , , ( ), - , : . , , . , , , , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) ; - , , , , , , . - , (, , force majeure [15] ). , , , , , - . , , , .

, , . , . : , , . , , , , . , , .

, , (. . ), , . , , , , a posteriori.[16] . , , XIX . : , , . :

(1) , , , .[17] , : , , , , (, , ) . , ( ).

(2) , , , : , . , , -, , , . , , , , , . , , ; , , , .[18] , . .

(3) , , , . ( ) ; . , , , , , , , . , , , , , , XX , , .[19] , , , , .

(4) , , : , , , , , , , , , . - , , , , , .

, . . ( -) , , , . , , , , . , .

-, [] , . -, , ( -) , . , . , -, , , , , , . , .

(5) , , , .[20] , ( ) , , . , ; , . . -, . , , : , , , . - ( ), . XIX ( ) , , , , (-) . , . , minorite agissante. [21] : , , , . , , . , , , , , , . ( ) .

, . , , , : , , , . , . , .[22] , , . , , , - -, : . , , , , - , , , . - . , , , - .[23]

 

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