. . , , . U=E.
R = 0, , U=0.
, , , . .
, , , , , , .
U=E U=0, .
, .
3,4
1 :
-
-
-
-
2.1 : ,
2.2 : : 1 ( ).
2.3 ,
2.4
1
/ | |||
1.1 | |||
1.2 | |||
1.3 | |||
1.4 | |||
1.5 | |||
1.6 | |||
. | |||
2.1 | |||
2.2 |
2
/ | |||
1 | |||
2 | . | ||
3 | |||
4 |
|
|
3.1
3.2
4 ____________________________________________________
_______________ ____________________