, ( ) .
.
. , .
. , . , , , - , , , - .
. . .., , -.
.
, NaCl + (a +b)H2O = Na+ aH2O + Cl- bH2O
.
, , , , . , Br- 10-11, Na+ - 10-9.
. ( ).
. , Cr3+ 42 .
, . , .
. , , , .
. , , . - . . , .
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, .
aA + bB = cC + dD
:
f: a = fC.
I,
I = 0,5(C1z12 + C2z22 + C3z32 + ) =0,5∑ Cizi2,
Ci - , zi .
. .
(I< 0,1M) .
(I ≤ 0,01M) -
lgfi = ─0,509zi2√ I
, . (I> 1M) . , , .
.
, , , .
; - - ; -- , .
- .
, : , . , , , , , . - . .
, + Cl-, ( 20-60/). . (Ca2+,Al3+), - 80-800/. , .
- , , , , , .
--(- , ).
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, .
, . .
, , :
CH3COOH(p) = CH3COO-(p) + H+(p)
:
, ; [CH3COO-],[H+] [CH3COOH] - , .
, , + , , .
.
. . .
, , , , .
, .
: HCl, H3PO4, HCOOH, H2O, PCl5, Cl2,H3O+, Al(H2O)63+,HCO3- ,NH4+.
: NH3, H2O, CH3NH2, C2H5OH, ,Cl-, CH3COO-, OH-, [Al(H2O)5OH]2+.
. . , H2,HCO3-, [Al(H2O)5OH]2+.
- . :
+ HL = L2+ + -
1 2 2 1
.
-, L2+ LH.
:
HCl + H2O = H3O+ + Cl- (1)
1 2 2 1
HCl + OH- = H2O + Cl- (2)
1 2 2 1
H2O + NH3 = NH4+ + OH- (3)
1 2 2 1
NH4+ + H2O = H3O+ + NH3 (4)
1 2 2 1
.
, .
. .
H2O + H2O = H3O+ + OH-
, , , .
3+ .
w 2 : w = a(3+)a(-) = 1,0 ∙ 10-14(25).
.
(3+)=(-) = 10-7 /
(3+)>(-). (3+)<(-).
, 3+ ( +) = - lg (3+) = - lg (+).
, = -lg[H3O+].
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pOH = - lg a(OH-).
= - lg[OH-]
, = = 7.
: < 7, >7. : > 7, < 7.
+ = 14
, , (- 4), (- 3).
, b.
+ HL = L2+ + -
1 2 2 1
, .. .
:
3 + 2 = 3- + 3
, , , :
, .
:
3- + 2 = 3 + -
, :
, , .
. (3) b(3-), :
:
HA + HL = LH2+ + A-
A- + HL = HA + L-
KaKb -
:
HL .
:
, , ;
pKa = - lg Ka, pKb = - lg Kb
pKa + pKb = 14 (298)