.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


(SAPI)




17

(TEI)

 Control , (Information, Supervisory, or Unnumbered), N(r) N(s).

Information 3- .

CRC .

2- :

1. (Terminal Endpoint) RR (Receive-Ready ).

2. SAPI=63 (: ) TEI127 ( ).

3. TEI ( 64-126).

4. SABME (Set Asynchronous Balanced Mode ) SAPI=0 ( ) TEI.

5. , TEI SAPI=0 (setup) 3- .

(3-) ISDN ITU Q.930-Q.939. , .

, , ISDN, SPID (Service Profile ID). SPID 10- ISDN, . , . SPID, , 2- , 3- , , . 3- . 33.

Q.931:

Protocol Discriminator 3- , Q.931 08h.

CRV Length CRV.

CRV (Call Reference Value ) 1-2- , , . e .

Message Type (SETUP, CONNECT,...).

 , .

. 33. 3-

 

3- : (Caller), R (Receiver) S (Switch). , , , ISDN .

1. SETUP.

2. SETUP , CALL PROC SETUP R.

3. R SETUP, , R ALERTING .

4. ALERTING .

5. R , CONNECT.

6. CONNECT .

7. CONNECT .

8. CONNECT R .

 

.25

 

.25 , 70- . .25 OSI. . 34, :

 DTE (data terminal equipment) (, . . ).

 DCE (data circuit-terminating equipment) (), .

 PSE (packet switching exchange) , .

, .25 , PAD (packet assembler/disassembler) - . , , , , .25. PAD, ( ) . .

CCITT (ITU) .25 DTE ( ) DCE () , . .21, X.21bis, V.24, RS-232C, V.35, RS-449, G.7Q3. , DTR, DSR, RTS, CTS , . .

.25 , , . LAP-B. (.25 Session) DTE . . DTE, . , DTE, (virtual circuit). PSE. . : .

SVC (Switched Virtual Circuit) , .

PVC (Permanent Virtual Circuit) - , DTE , .

(DTE) , DCE, . DCE PSE, . , PSE, DCE, DTE , .

.25 PLP (Packet-Layer Protocol). PLP . PLP LAPB. PLP LLC2 , ISDN (LAPD). PLP 5 :

(Call setup) DTE, .121. , , . .

 (Data-transfer mode) . , (padding), . (PV SV).

 (Idle mode) , , . SVC, V .

 (Call-clearing mode) SVC.

 (Restarting mode) DTE DCE. , DTE, DCE, .

4096 ( 128). DTE X.1 21, . :

 : 0, (250 /), (1 ) ( 10 ).

 : 9, , ( 11 ).

 : , ( 10 ).

.25 , , (, , , . .), . . .25 ISDN, D- -. .25 ( ).

.25 OSI, . .25 , . ( ).

, - , , .

Frame Relay

 

Frame Relay , 2 /. Frame Relay OSI. UNI (User-to-Network Interface) 9,6-64 / ( ). NNI (Network-to-Net-work Interface) .

, . . , . PVC (Permanent Virtual Circuit) SVC (Switched Virtual Circuit).

Frame Relay , . .

HDLC 4 CRC. - , - .

CRC, . .

(Virtual Circuits), DLCI (Data Link Connection Identifier): 10- DLCI, , 1-2 . (Extended Address). DLCI . ( ) . DLCI .

. 35. Frame Relay:

a 1-2, 3 4 ( )

 

C/R (Command/Responce /) .

, (56 / 1) CIR (Committed Information Rate) DLCI. . , DE (Discard Eligibility ) . Frame Relay CIR=0, DE cex . FN (Forward Explicit Congestion Notification ) BECN (Backward Explicit Congestion Notification ). , - .

Frame Relay CIR, - CIR . CIR , .

Frame Relay, (Customer Premises Equipment), DLCI. 10 , . , . FS (Full Status ), , DLCI . FS DLCI . (status polling) . LMI (Link Management Interface), . ANSI T1.617 Annex D, . Q.933 . .

Frame Relay (IPX TCP/IP) j (public) . , SNA . . ( .25 ). Frame Relay , . . .

AT

ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode ) (, ) . ITU BISDN (Broadband ISDN) . ATM, ( BISDN), . ATM . - ATM, .

ATM (cell) 53 , 48 . , . : . , . , , (, 8 ) 6 . . , .

UNI NNI

 

ATM . : UNI NNI. UNI (User-to-Network Interface) . NNI (Network-to-Network Interface) . , UNI NNI (public) (private). UNI , NNI . UNI , . NNI . B-ICI (Broadband Interexchange Carrier Interconnect) , ( ). . 36.

. 36. ATM

 

ATM 5- , UNI NNI (. 37). :

GFC (Generic Flow Control) , ( , ATM). , UNI .

VPI (Virtual Path Identifier) , VCI . NNI .

VCI (Virtual Channel Identifier) , VPI .

PT (Payload Type) . , (0) (1). , , AAL 5. , (Operations Administration and Maintenance), . , , . .

CLP (Congestion Loss Priority) . CLP=1 , CLP=0.

EG (Header Error Control) , . .

ATM:

 PVC (Permanent Virtual Circuits) ( ). , .

 SVC (Switched Virtual Circuits) , . , .

 (connectionless service).

ATM , V-(Virtual Channel). : VP (Virtual Path), VPI, , VPI VCI. , VPI. VPI VCI .

ATM . VCI VPI (), . VPI VCI . .

 

ATM

 

ATM . 38. (, plane), :

 (Control) .

 (User) .

 (Management) , ( , ), .

ATM:

 (Physical layer) OSI .

 ATM (ATM layer) ATM, . OSI.

 ATM, AAL (ATM Adaptation Layer) -.

 AAL, , AAL .

ypo , , , . :

PMD (Physical Medium-Dependent), , , . PMD SONET/SDH, DS-3/E3, - 155 / 8B/10B.

 (Transmission-Convergence) , (), . , , . . , . (SONET/ SDH) (PDH) .





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