2000 . IEEE 802.1Q, , . . , , . , . . , .
, . , , .
, , .
5.
5.1.
( ), - , . (, ..), . . - . , , , , , - , . , . - , , .
. - , , ( , ).
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, , . , . - , .
. . ( ) , . , , , . , . .
. , : , , . , . , . : . / . .
- , , , . , , . , .
.
, , :
- (): " " , ; ; ( ); "-"; - ; ; ; () ; ; ; .;
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- : , ;
- : , ;
- : , , .;
- : , .;
- : .
, . , ( ), . Internet. ( ) , . Internet . - intranet, , Internet .
, , ( , , ) (: , ), , ( ). , , , ( ) , . , -, , , , , . .
5.2
.1. (), - . , . , . , .
( .1). , DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) - ( .1 ). - - . .
. , . , , - - . , - . , , .
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"-" (User-to-Network Interface, UNI), , . , "-" (Network-to-Network Interface, NNI), . DTE , . 300 / (15 - 20 ), . - RS-232/V.24, , . (, ), , , .
5.3.
, .1, . , , , : 2 - 3 (.. ). (, ) , .
, , :
- ;
- ;
- .
() , , , . . .
- 3,1 SDH 155 622 /.
, - , , (. . 9). , , . : , ; , ; - , .
, , (TDM). - , .
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1, 2 3 . 1 , 24 . 64 /. 1 8 - . 2 1, 6,312 /. 2 3, 44,736 /. 1, 2 3 . , - , , ..
1, 2 3 2,048 /, 8,488 / 34,368 /. 1, 1, 3 3.
, SLIP, HDLC.
PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol, "-") TCP/IP . . .
SLIP (Serial Line IP) : IP-. , IP- . , , .
HDLC (Highlevel Data Link Control), , : , , . HGLC , .
.
ISDN.
ISDN , , ( , ). - , . . , , .
, 2- . , .
ISDN , . , . ISDN : , , , , (Frame Relay), . ISDN : , , . ISDN .
(X.25, Frame Relay, ATM, TCP/IP) - , , , ( ).
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, TCP/IP, , , - (SVC) (PVC). - ( , - , ) . , : , , .
X.25, Frame Relay ATM, 2. ( ).
5.4. Internet. TCP/IP
Internet 1969 , , ARPAnet ( , ) - .
- , . . , . 80- ARPAnet , , Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). Internet.
1995 ., Internet National Science Foundation (NSF), . () , - Internet. , ( , , .).
Internet WWW (World Wide Web) , , . Internet . , . , , Internet , , - . .
Internet . , .
TCP/IP Internet : (LAN), (WAN) ; ; ; ; ..
Internet (FTP, TELNET, ARP .), TCP IP, , , TCP/IP - . TCP/IP ( , , .), - ( , , WWW-).
Internet TCP/IP, . TCP/IP - , Internet. , , "internet". , "internet", "Internet".
TCP/IP - IP TCP.
IP (Internet Protocol - ) , IP- () . IP , - . , , . , IP, IP-. (.. IP-) . .
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol - ) . . , , . . .
TCP/IP - . Internet, .. TCP/IP - .
TCP/IP . , , . , , , , , . , Internet. , , , , . , . TCP/IP, , IRP ( ).
5.5. TCP/IP
( ) CP/IP :
I - ;
II - () ;
III - ( );
IV - ( ).
- , .. , . , .
TCP/IP . , .. . . , .
TCP/IP , (. .2) . TCP/IP . . , , . , , . , , ( ), . , , .
TCP/IP , , (. .3). . TCP UD . , ( ). IP . IP . , (). , IP- . . , .. "" ( ). , , : , . , - , ( ).