- , , .
. , - , , (), (). , , , , ..
, .
ʔ ( 1946 . ) 18 100 . . 200 , 2800 . , . 1950 . . . , ( ʔ, ). 2000 , - , . , (1952 .), -2, -4 -6, . . . 10 . -1 (1952 .), (1954 .), -1 (1957 .) .
, . , . . .
. , , , , , , .
, . -20 -220, , , 1020 . .
|
|
. , . , . , , , , , ( ).
, .
. , , , ( ). . (60- XX .) , .
, . , , . , , . , 60- .
, . , , , , . , , , , ( ), . , , . , , , .
() () .
70- (). . , , .
|
|
1975 . . MITS -8800. . , ( ) MITS, IMSAI, , . , ; , , . , , .
70- . , , . Radio Shack, Commodore Apple. TRS-80, Apple II PET , .
80- , , . , IBM, DEC, Hewlett-Packard. . 1981 . IBM IBM PC. , .
, 80- . 32- (Motorola 68020, Intel 80386, Texas Instruments 32032 .), . , 32- 68020 Motorola : 4 , 67 . o./ ( -, 25 ).
: 8- I ; 16- II ; 32- III . . , 16- , . , Intel 8086 20- IBM PC XT 1 . IBM PC AT IBM 16- Intel 80286 24- , 16 ( 24 , 8 ). IBM PC AT 34 . ./ ( -, 12 ). MS DOS 640 , , .. UNIX (, ) 16 . IBM PC AT 16- . IBM . , IBM , IBM PC AT .