Helicopter rescue in Canada

Министерство Российской Федерации

По делам гражданской обороны, чрезвычайным ситуациям

И ликвидации последствий стихийных бедствий

________________________________________________

Академия гражданской защиты

УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ

ПО САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОМУ ЧТЕНИЮ

Английский язык

Для курсантов 3 курса

Химки – 2015

Министерство Российской Федерации

По делам гражданской обороны, чрезвычайным ситуациям и ликвидации последствий стихийных бедствий

________________________________________________

Академия гражданской защиты

Кафедра иностранных языков

И.И. Субботина, Т.А. Романова

УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ

ПО САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОМУ ЧТЕНИЮ

Английский язык

Для курсантов 3 курса

Химки – 2015

УДК 802.0 (075)

ББК 81.2 Англ-923

Авторы: И.И. Субботина, Т.А. Романова

Учебное пособие по самостоятельному чтению.– Химки: АГЗ МЧС России, 29 с.

Данное пособие предназначено для самостоятельной работы курсантов 3 курса во внеаудиторное время.

Пособие содержит аутентичные профессионально-ориентированные тексты. После каждого текста предлагаются задания, направленные на проверку понимания его основного содержания.

Цель учебного пособия – формирование рецептивных лексико-грамматических навыков и развитие умений чтения специальной литературы на английском языке.

Компьютерный набор: Литвина Т.П.

PART I

OCHA

Coordination of humanitarian assistance is provided by OCHA which stands for the Office of the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. OCHA is responsible for bringing together humanitarian actors to ensure a coherent response to emergencies, and to assist people when they most need relief or protection. The main mission of OCHA is to coordinate effective humanitarian action in partnership with national and international actors.

Humanitarian coordination seeks to improve the effectiveness of humanitarian response by ensuring greater predictability, accountability and partnership. OCHA is leading the international community's efforts to develop a better architecture for the humanitarian system. It includes strong humanitarian leaders or Humanitarian Coordinators, representative and inclusive Humanitarian Country Teams, an effective and well-coordinated framework within which all humanitarian organizations can contribute systematically, and predictable funding tools.

OCHA plays a key role in operational coordination in crisis situations. This includes assessing situations and needs, agreeing common priorities, developing common strategies to address issues such as negotiating access, mobilizing funding and other resources, clarifying consistent public messaging, and monitoring progress.

OCHA's role is to support the leadership of the Humanitarian Coordinator and to ensure effective coordination, including strengthening the cluster approach, data and information management, and reporting.

By ensuring that the right structures, partnerships and leaders are supported, OCHA and its humanitarian partners can better prepare for and more effectively coordinate humanitarian situations.

OCHA serves as the secretariat for critical inter-agency coordination mechanisms such as the Inter-Agency Standing Committee, rapid-response tools, such as the United Nations Disaster Assessment and Coordination system, and the International Search and Rescue Advisory Group.

OCHA also promotes efficient interaction between civilian and military actors in humanitarian operations, bridges gaps in environmental emergency management, and maps global emergency relief stockpiles on behalf of the whole humanitarian community.

The key to effective response is the state of preparedness in advance of a crisis. OCHA promotes the value of preparedness in lessening the impact of disasters on vulnerable communities, especially in disaster-prone countries. OCHA works with national governments, regional bodies and other agencies on implementing and testing measures that help save lives in an emergency. OCHA also provides tools such as contingency planning, hazard mapping and early warning reports.

Working through its regional and country offices, OCHA deploys staff at short notice to emergencies. It also supports several surge-capacity mechanisms and networks that enable the broader humanitarian community to respond rapidly to disasters and conflicts.

Note: the Inter-Agency Standing Committee – постоянная межведомственная комиссия;

the United Nations Disaster Assessment and Coordination system - группа Организации Объединенных наций по оценке последствий стихийных бедствий и координации;

the International Search and Rescue Advisory Group - международная консультативная группа по вопросам поиска и спасения.

1. Внимательно прочитайте весь текст. Не пользуясь словарём, постарайтесь определить его общее содержание.

2. Найдите в тексте информацию о целях управления по координации гуманитарных дел.

3. Переведите текст. Значение незнакомых слов постарайтесь определить по контексту, по составу слова и т. д. При необходимости используйте словарь.

4. Ответьте на вопросы:

1) От чего зависит эффективность гуманитарного реагирования?

2) Что входит в систему обеспечения гуманитарной помощи?

3) Из чего состоит координация гуманитарной помощи?

4) С кем сотрудничает Управление по координации гуманитарных вопросов?

5) Что является залогом эффективного реагирования?

5. Скажите, какую информацию Вы извлекли из текста.

6. Передайте краткое содержание текса на английском языке.

SEARCH AND RESCUE

Search and rescue (SAR) is the search for and provision of aid to people who are in danger. Search involves locating victims and documenting locations. Rescue involves procedures and methods to extricate victims. The general field of search and rescue includes many specialty sub-fields, typically determined by the type of terrain the search is conducted over. These include mountain rescue; ground search and rescue, including the use of search and rescue dogs; urban search and rescue in cities; combat search and rescue on the battlefield and air-sea rescue over water.

Mountain rescue relates to search and rescue operations specifically in rugged and mountainous terrain.

Ground search and rescue is the search for persons who are lost or in distress on land or inland waterways. Traditionally associated with wilderness zones, ground search and rescue services are increasingly required in urban and suburban areas to locate persons with Alzheimer's disease, autism, dementia, or other conditions that lead to wandering behaviour. Ground search and rescue missions that occur in urban areas should not be confused with "Urban SAR", which in many jurisdictions refers to the location and extraction of people from collapsed buildings or other entrapments. Some ground search teams also employ search and rescue dogs.

Urban search and rescue (US&R or USAR), also referred to as Heavy Urban Search and Rescue (HUSAR), is the location and rescue of persons from collapsed buildings or other urban and industrial entrapments. Due to the specialized nature of the work, most teams are multi-disciplinary and include personnel from police, fire and emergency medical services. Unlike traditional ground search and rescue workers, most US&R responders also have basic training in structural collapse and the dangers associated with live electrical wires, broken natural gas lines and other hazards. While earthquakes have traditionally been the cause of US&R operations, terrorist attacks and extreme weather such as tornadoes and hurricanes have also resulted in the deployment of these resources.

Combat search and rescue (CSAR) is search and rescue operations that are carried out during war that are within or near combat zones.

Air-sea rescue (ASR) refers to the combined use of aircraft (such as flying boats, floatplanes, amphibious helicopters and non-amphibious helicopters equipped with hoists) and surface vessels, to search for and recover survivors of aircraft downed at sea as well as sailors and passengers of sea vessels in distress.

1. Внимательно прочитайте весь текст. Не пользуясь словарём, постарайтесь определить его общее содержание.

2. Найдите в тексте информацию о типах поисково-спасательных операций.

4. Ответьте на вопросы:

1) Что такое поиск и спасение?

2) В соответствии с чем классифицируются поисково-спасательные операции?

3) Как классифицируются поисково-спасательные операции?

4) Какие службы также привлекаются для обеспечения городских поисково-спасательных операций?

5) Какие технические средства используются при обеспечении поиска в воздухе и на воде?

5. Скажите, какую информацию Вы извлекли из текста.

6. Передайте краткое содержание текса на английском языке.

HELICOPTER OPERATIONS

Helicopters can be effectively used during SAR operations especially in the final stages of rescue at sea. It is an ideal search and rescue means because of its slow speed and hovering capabilities particularly for search of small targets at sea. The ability to land in confined areas and to operate from ships enables the helicopter to aid survivors long before search and rescue units can arrive on scene. They are also suitable for rescues in heavy seas or at locations where surface facilities are unable to access and operate. Due to these unique capabilities, helicopters should be used whenever possible.

The helicopters are excellent resources for search, maneuverability and rescue. They are excellent platforms capable of recovering personnel from wide variety of distress situations and from barely accessible areas.

Evacuation by helicopter is undertaken depending upon the nature of casualty, the prevailing condition and the availability of the space onboard for winch operations and landing. The mission also depends upon the capabilities and limitations of the helicopter. The safety and efficiency of the helicopter operations is greatly enhanced if the crew of the vessel, the ground party at the rescue scene and the aircrew are thoroughly briefed in advance on what is required of the operations.

The helicopter operations include landing and winching on land, water and oilrigs installations or on the deck of the ships at sea. Landings on vessels and oilrigs at sea will normally be done on well-equipped and trained craft. Though winching by helicopter can be hazardous to the persons being hoisted, the rescue facility and others on the scene of winching, the operations if coordinated and conducted well will certainly save lives of the casualties or personnel in distress. However, the final decision about whether it is safe to conduct the winching is subject to agreement of the pilots of the helicopter, personnel at the scene and the person in command of the rescue facility.

Medical helicopters may be asked to assist in wilderness search and rescue operations to quickly reach patients in remote areas and provide medical care and transport of sick or injured persons. The number 1 priority for any medical helicopter involved in an SAR operation is safety, which is considered at each decision point. The involvement of a medical helicopter service begins with a request from a local agency for support. Obtaining key information about the SAR operation from the local agency is essential for deciding whether to accept the mission and for making appropriate preparations for the mission. While on route to the SAR location, the medical crew can review the information regarding location and patient status. Once on location, the crew can survey the scene from the air before landing at the command post to brief with SAR personnel regarding the mission. An initial survey of the scene from the air is important for identifying landing zones and evaluating the terrain where the rescue will occur. A face-to-face briefing with SAR personnel is preferable to learn specifically what type of mission is requested. The medical helicopter crew is empowered to decline the mission for safety reasons at any step. The actual rescue may be done by inserting the helicopter at the scene in nontechnical terrain or by having SAR personnel extricate the patient and deliver him or her to the medical helicopter crew at the nearest safe landing zone. Medical care and transport of the patient as indicated by injuries or illness then occurs. Finally, a postmission debriefing is essential for identifying problems that occurred during the mission and implementing corrections for improvement.

1. Внимательно прочитайте весь текст. Не пользуясь словарём, постарайтесь определить его общее содержание.

2. Найдите в тексте информацию о медицинских вертолетах.

4. Ответьте на вопросы:

1) Чем обусловлена эффективность применения вертолетов при проведении поисково-спасательных операций?

2) От чего зависит эвакуация людей на вертолетах?

3) Какие мероприятия должны быть предприняты до того, как медицинский вертолет приземлится на место чрезвычайной ситуации?

4) При каком условии привлекаются медицинские вертолетные службы?

5. Скажите, какую информацию Вы извлекли из текста.

6. Передайте краткое содержание текса на английском языке.

HELICOPTER RESCUE IN CANADA

British Columbia (BC) is the most mountainous region of Canada, and contains a variety of terrain that presents particular challenges to search and rescue teams. It is also Canada’s third largest province at 944,735 square kilometres, and is larger than every US state except Alaska. In addition to basic search techniques every SAR volunteer receives during a 70 hour “Ground Search and Rescue” course with a standard curriculum, SAR groups have members trained as Team Leaders and Search Management to plan and direct operations. Teams in BC may also train in specific technical rescue techniques appropriate for the areas they cover. Helicopter rescue is one of rescue techniques used in BC.

The terrain in BC is so difficult, that most wilderness searches include a helicopter component. All SAR members in BC receive training in the form of familiarization and orientation to helicopter operations, many take additional training in hover exit, which is extremely useful because although helicopters are very maneuverable there are many places where SAR members need to go that a helicopter can’t land.

Many teams also train members in sling loading techniques, and advanced patient transport. The use of helicopters in many rescues has resulted in numerous lives saved because of the speed they can bring the patient to medical care.

Helicopter External transport System (HETS) is a type of helicopter rescue where a one or more rescuers and subjects are slung on a line attached to a helicopter. This technique was pioneered in Canada by Parks staff in Banff National Park in the 60's. Originally, the rescuers wore climbing harnesses and were simply attached to the line using regular climbing equipment. Through the work of various BC SAR teams, notably North Shore Rescue in North Vancouver, this technique evolved into a Transport Canada regulated and certified rescue system used by many teams in BC.

HETS allows SAR teams to move people and equipment into normally inaccessible terrain. This technique is used to lower rescuers into areas where tall trees prevent the helicopter from landing or allowing SAR members to hover exit. It is also used to rescue people in high, glaciated and mountainous terrain. Because it speeds up access, delivers first aid, and transports subjects to definitive medical treatment faster, HETS is responsible for many successful rescues.

Note: Helicopter External transport System - система для транспортировки вертолетом на внешней подвеске

1. Внимательно прочитайте весь текст. Не пользуясь словарём, постарайтесь определить его общее содержание.

2. Найдите в тексте информацию о подготовке поисково-спасательных команд для проведений операций в провинции Британская Колумбия.

4. Ответьте на вопросы:

1) Чем обусловлена сложность проведения поисково-спасательных команд в Британской Колумбии?

2) Какие преимущества использования вертолетов при проведении поисково-спасательных операций?

3) Что такое перевозка на внешней подвеске вертолета?

4) Почему эффективно применение перевозки на внешней подвеске вертолета?

5. Скажите, какую информацию Вы извлекли из текста.

6. Передайте краткое содержание текса на английском языке.

PART II

DROUGHTS

A drought is a period of below-average precipitation in a given region, resulting in prolonged shortages in its waters supply, whether atmospheric, surface or ground water. A drought can last for months or years, or may be declared after as few as 15 days. It can have a substantial impact on the ecosystem and agriculture of the affected region. Although droughts can persist for several years, even a short, intense drought can cause significant damage and harm to the local economy. Annual dry seasons in the tropics significantly increase the chances of a drought developing and subsequent bush fires.

As a drought persists, the conditions surrounding it gradually worsen and its impact on the local population gradually increases. People tend to define droughts in three main ways: meteorological, agricultural and hydrological droughts.

Meteorological drought is brought about when there is a prolonged time with less than average precipitation. Meteorological drought usually precedes the other kinds of drought.

Agricultural droughts are droughts that affect crop production or the ecology of the range. This condition can also arise independently from any change in precipitation levels when soil conditions and erosion triggered by poorly planned agricultural endeavors cause a shortfall in water available to the crops. However, in a traditional drought, it is caused by an extended period of below average precipitation.

Hydrological drought is brought about when the water reserves available in sources such as aquifers, lakes and reservoirs fall below the statistical average. Hydrological drought tends to show up more slowly because it involves stored water that is used but not replenished. Like an agricultural drought, this can be triggered by more than just a loss of rainfall.

Time of droughts can have significant environmental, agricultural, health, economic and social consequences. The effect varies according to vulnerability. For example, subsistence farmers are more likely to migrate during drought because they do not have alternative food sources. Areas with populations that depend on water sources as a major food source are more vulnerable to famine. Drought can also reduce water quality, because lower water flows reduce dilution of pollutants and increase contamination of remaining water sources. Common consequences of drought include: famine due to lack of water for irrigation; diminished crop growth; hunger, drought provides too little water to support food crops; habitat damage, affecting both terrestrial and aquatic wildlife; mass migration, resulting in internal displacement and international refugees; wildfires, such as Australian bushfires, are more common during times of drought and even death of people.

1. Внимательно прочитайте весь текст. Не пользуясь словарём, постарайтесь определить его общее содержание.

2. Найдите в тексте информацию о типах засухи.

4. Ответьте на вопросы:

1) Что такое засуха?

2) Какие типы засухи существуют?

3) На какие сферы человеческой деятельности влияет засуха?

4) Какие последствия вызывает засуха?

5. Скажите, какую информацию Вы извлекли из текста.

6. Передайте краткое содержание текса на английском языке.

STRUCTURAL FAILURE

Structural failure refers to the loss of structural integrity, which is the loss of the load-carrying capacity of a component or member within a structure, or of the structure itself. Structural failure is initiated when the material is stressed beyond its strength limit, thus causing fracture or excessive deformations. In a well-designed system, a localized failure should not cause immediate or even progressive collapse of the entire structure. Ultimate failure strength is one of the limit states that must be accounted for in structural engineering and structural design.

Failure of a structure can occur from many types of problems. Most of these problems are unique to the type of structure or to the various industries. However, most can be traced to one of five main causes.

The first, whether due to size, shape, or the choice of material, is that the structure is not strong and tough enough to support the load. If the structure or component is not strong enough, catastrophic failure can occur when the overstressed construction reaches a critical stress level.

The second is instability, whether due to geometry, design or material choice, causing the structure to fail from corrosion. These types of failure often occur at stress points, such as squared corners or from bolt holes being too close to the material's edge, causing cracks to slowly form and then progress through cyclic loading. Failure generally occurs when the cracks reach a critical length, causing breakage to happen suddenly under normal loading conditions.

The third type of failure is caused by manufacturing errors. This may be due to improper selection of materials, incorrect sizing, improper heat treating, failing to adhere to the design, or shoddy workmanship. These types of failure can occur at any time, and are usually unpredictable.

The fourth is also unpredictable, from the use of defective materials. The material may have been improperly manufactured, or may have been damaged from prior use.

The fifth cause of failure is from lack of consideration of unexpected problems. Vandalism, sabotage, and natural disasters can all overstress a structure to the point of failure. Improper training of those who use and maintain the construction can also overstress it, leading to potential failures.

Structural failures include bridge failures, building failures, dam failures, and aircraft failures.

Внимательно прочитайте весь текст. Не пользуясь словарём, постарайтесь определить его общее содержание.

1. Найдите в тексте информацию о структурном разрушении.

4. Ответьте на вопросы:

1) Сколько причин структурных разрушений выделяют?

2) Каковы причины структурных разрушений?

3) Могут ли природные бедствия привести к структурным разрушениям?

4) Какие основные виды структурных разрушений?

5. Скажите, какую информацию Вы извлекли из текста.

6. Передайте краткое содержание текса на английском языке.

TROPICAL CYCLONES

A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain. Depending on its location and strength, a tropical cyclone is referred to by names such as hurricane, typhoon, tropical storm, cyclonic storm, tropical depression, and simply cyclone.

Tropical cyclones typically form over large bodies of relatively warm water. Tropical cyclones are typically between 100 and 2,000 km in diameter. In addition to strong winds and rain, tropical cyclones are capable of generating high waves, damaging storm surge, and tornadoes. They typically weaken rapidly over land where they are cut off from their primary energy source. For this reason, coastal regions are particularly vulnerable to damage from a tropical cyclone as compared to inland regions. Heavy rains, however, can cause significant flooding inland, and storm surges can produce extensive coastal flooding up to 40 kilometres from the coastline. Though their effects on human populations are often devastating, tropical cyclones can relieve drought conditions. They also carry heat energy away from the tropics and transport it toward temperate latitudes, which may play an important role in modulating regional and global climate.

Storm intensity is defined as the maximum wind speed in the storm. This speed is taken as either a 1-minute or a 10-minute average at the standard reference height of 10 meters. The choice of averaging period, as well as the naming convention for classifying storms, differs across forecast centers and ocean basins.

Worldwide, tropical cyclone activity peaks in late summer, when the difference between temperatures aloft and sea surface temperatures is the greatest. However, each particular basin has its own seasonal patterns. On a worldwide scale, May is the least active month, while September is the most active month. November is the only month in which all the tropical cyclone basins are active.

Over the past two centuries, tropical cyclones have been responsible for the deaths of about 1.9 million people worldwide. Large areas of standing water caused by flooding lead to infection, as well as contributing to mosquito-borne illnesses. Crowded evacuees in shelters increase the risk of disease propagation. Tropical cyclones significantly interrupt infrastructure, leading to power outages, bridge destruction, and the hampering of reconstruction efforts. On average, the Gulf and east coasts of the United States suffer approximately US $5 billion in cyclone damage every year. The majority (83%) of tropical cyclone damage is caused by severe hurricanes, category 3 or greater.

Although cyclones take an enormous toll in lives and personal property, they may be important factors in the precipitation regimes of places they impact, as they may bring much-needed precipitation to otherwise dry regions. Tropical cyclones also help maintain the global heat balance by moving warm, moist tropical air to the middle latitudes and polar regions. The storm surge and winds of hurricanes may be destructive to human-made structures, but they also stir up the waters of coastal estuaries, which are typically important fish breeding locales. Tropical cyclone destruction spurs redevelopment, greatly increasing local property values.

1. Внимательно прочитайте весь текст. Не пользуясь словарём, постарайтесь определить его общее содержание.

2. Найдите в тексте информацию о физических характеристиках тропических циклонов.

4. Ответьте на вопросы:

1) Что такое тропический циклон?

2) Какие последствия вызывают тропические циклоны?

3) Имеют ли тропические циклоны положительные последствия?

5. Скажите, какую информацию Вы извлекли из текста.

6. Передайте краткое содержание текса на английском языке.

MILITARY ORDERS

Military order or an instruction includes an individual command by an armed forces officer to a person under his command. There are three main types or military orders. They are general orders, operations orders, and close order drills.

In militaries and paramilitary organizations, a general order is a published directive, originated by a commander, and binding upon all personnel under his command, the purpose of which is to enforce a policy or procedure unique to his unit's situation which is not otherwise addressed in applicable service regulations, military law, or public law. A general order has the force of law; it is an offense punishable by court martial or lesser military court to disobey one. What makes it a general order (as opposed to a direct order) is that the actor is not explicitly named, nor precisely what (or who) is to be acted upon.

A general order of indefinite duration may be referred to as a standing order. Standing orders are necessarily general and vague, since the exact circumstances for execution occur in the future under unknown conditions. For example, in most military agencies, there is a standing order for enlisted men to salute officers. The officers are required by the same law to return the salute to the enlisted person; however, the name of each enlisted man is not explicitly named in the order, nor is the name of each officer, nor is the exact time which the salute should occur.

An Operations Order, often abbreviated to OPORD, is a plan format meant to assist subordinate units with the conduct of military operations. An OPORD describes the situation the unit faces, the mission of the unit, and what supporting activities the unit will conduct in order to achieve their commander's desired end state. Normally an OPORD is generated at the regimental, brigade, divisional, or corps headquarters and disseminated to its assigned or attached elements. The issuance of an OPORD triggers subordinate unit leadership to develop orders specific to the role or roles that the unit will assume within the operation. This more narrowly focused order borrows information from the original, or base, order (for example; weather, phase lines, radio frequencies, etc.) and adds additional details that pertain more to the minutiae of the actions a unit is tasked to conduct in support of the overarching operation.

Close order drills are practice in formation marching and other movements, in the carrying of arms during formal marching, and in the formal handling of arms for ceremonies and guard.

1. Внимательно прочитайте весь текст. Не пользуясь словарём, постарайтесь определить его общее содержание.

2. Найдите в тексте информацию о военных приказах.

4. Ответьте на вопросы:

1) Какие типы военных приказов существуют?

2) Что такое общий приказ?

3) В чем заключается отличие общих приказов от оперативных?

4) Что такое строевая подготовка в составе подразделения?

5. Скажите, какую информацию Вы извлекли из текста.

6. Передайте краткое содержание текса на английском языке.

C O N T E N T

PART I 3

COORDINATION OF HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE.. 3

SEARCH AND RESCUE.. 6

HELICOPTER OPERATIONS. 8

HELICOPTER RESCUE IN CANADA.. 11

PART II 14

DROUGHTS. 14

BUSHFIRES IN AUSTRALIA.. 16

TROPICAL CYCLONES. 18

AVALANCHES. 21