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:




:

































 

 

 

 





: , " ", , . , , . , 5%- . , . , , - . " " , .

" "

" " , . 50% . ( 80%) 50%, . , ( 20%), 50%, . 50% , , .

, " " , . , , . , .

, . " " . - . , , .


11.
-

. , , -, , .

- "- " , 1933 "- ", . . " ", "- " 20 1901 . " " , " " (tape reading).

, " " , 1886 . 1933 , " " , , , - . 1898 , " " . , 1904 , , , , : " ". , 1881 . " " . , 1933 , - "- ". . , .

1896 "- " : , , . , , "-" - , .

"-". "" , , , , . , ( ""). , "- ", . , , "", , "" . , , "- ".

- .. , , .

, , - . , - , , , " ", . - " " - - .

, , , , , . - , . ^ - , - - . " " (three-point reversal method), " ", .

, - . , . , .

, - - , . , , .

-

.

- . , , . , , - . , , - ;

. - . , . , , , . - , ( , ), .

. . - . - " " - . , , - . , - , . - - , - , . , , . , .

. 11.1 S&P 500


. 11.1 11.2 - , S&P 500 . - , - - . , . "" "" 11.2. , , , . "" , "", .

, "" , . , - , .

, , . , - , - .

. 11.3 11.4 - - . (. 11.2- 11.4) . (1.00). . 11.2 (.. , ) . , , .

. 11. 2. - S&P 500 . 1.00, .

. 11.3 . 11.2

. 11.4 . 11.2 11.3

- : , . , , . . 11.2 . . 11.3 ( , ), . , 47 26. . 11.4 - . 14.





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