, , , . , - , . - 1930 1940- , , 1950- . , (London, 1970; Oliner Oliner, 1988; Rosenhan, 1970). , . , (Staub, 1989, 1991, 1992). , -: , - , , -.
, (Irwin Sarason & others, 1991) 10 000 66 . . , , , , 38
14. : ■ 627
. 17% .
, , , , ? , , . (Susan Herold, 1986) 108 . , , ( , ) 50% 74%, .
(1973; Stein Friedrich, 1972) . ( , .) , , , . , (Friedrich & Stein, 1975; Coates & others, 1976).
, , , . , , 1982
:
. 4.