■ ?........................................................................484
■ ...............................................................................486
?.................................................486
?..............................490
?............499
■ ................................................................503
........................................................................503
.................................................................................507
........................................................................509
...............................................510
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........................................................................525
■ .....................................................................527
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84 ■ ill.
. , 1990 , , 1990- .
, 2- -, 10- , , .
■ , , , .
■ 500 000 , , , 1994 .
■ 12 300 , , , 29% (Rodgers, 1994).
■ 1 , 1960 . , , , , , , - , . 1994 , .
■ 3 3 , , , .
, ? , - : , ? ? ? . , .
, , , , . , , 1953