, , , . 2000 . .
1. ? 2000 . , . , .
2. ? , , , 2000 . , .
3. ? , 2000 . . 1984 . 15% , 2000 . : . , 2000 . . ( ), 2000 . , .
4. ? . 2000 . 39 , . . , 29% 2000.
: Roger D. Semerad, 2000: Labor Shortage Looms, Industry Week, February 9,1987, pp. 38-40.
:
1. , , 2000 .
2. , , , 2000 . ?
:
1. Peter F. Drucker, People and Performance: The Best of Peter Drucker on Management (New York: Harper & Row, 1977), p. 19.
2. Frederick W. Taylor, Principles of Scientific Management (New York: Harper & Row, 1911).
. Frank . Gilbreth, Primer of'Scientific Management (New York: Van Nostrand, 1912).
, Industrial management . (Morris L. Cooke), , , , . , , . . Charles D. Wrenge and .. Stotka, Cooke Creates a Classic: The Story Behind F. Taylor's Principles of Scientific Management, Academy of Management Review, vol. 3 (1978), .736.
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3. Henri Fayol, Industrial and General Administration, trans. J. Coubrough (Geneva: International Management Institute, 1930).
4. Lyndall F. Urwick, The Elements of Administration, (New York: Harper & Row, 1943).
5. James D. Mooney and Alan C. Reiley, Onward Industry (New York: Harper & Row, 1931).
6. , , . . 10.
7. . .. Metcalf and L. Urwick, eds., Dynamic Administration (New York: Harper & Row, 1941).
8. See Elton Mayo, The Human Problems of an Industrial Civilization (New York: Macmillan, 1933) and F. J. Roelhlisberger and W. J. Dickson, Management and the Worker (Cambridge, Mass.; Harvard University Press, 1939).
9. . , , , , . , , .
10. Henri Fayol, General and Industrial Management (London: Pitman, 1949), pp. 56. , , , .
11. John A. Youmg,One Company's Quest for Improved Quality, The Wall Street Journal, July 25,1983.
12. . Kenneth Boulding, General Systems Theory The Skeleton of Science, Management Science, April 1956, pp. 197208; F E. Emery, ed., Systems Thinking (Baltimore: Penguin, 1969).
13. F. E. Kast and J. E. Rosenzweig, GeneraI Systems Theory: Applications for Organization and Management, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 15, no. 4 (December 1972), pp. 447465.
14. Fred Luthans, The Contingency Theory of Management: A Path out of the Jungle, Business Horizons, June 1973, pp.6272,
15. Metcalf and Urwick, op. cit., p. 277.
16. Sang M. Lee, Fred Luthans, and David L. Olson, A Management Science Approach to Contingency Models, Management Journal, vol. 25, no. 3 (1982), pp. 553566.
17. See Richard Pascale and William Ouchi, Made in America (Under Japanese Management), Harvard Business Review, SeptemberOctober 1974.