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III. 2




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<295> . . 19 - 23 , , . . , ius cogens.

 

123. . 31 . . . 1 . 31 , <296>, : " , , ". () - - "" . , . 31 , , . , , , , , (. 2, 3 . 31 ). . () " ", . 31 " ", " , " (. 32 ). (; [effet utile]; , . 4 . 33 ) ( ), , , . 2 " " . , ; , . (. 1 . 33 ) <297>, . 3 . 33 , " ". , , (. 4 . 33 ).

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<296> . 31 .: ICJ Rep 1994, 6, 21 (Aousou); 1996, 803, 812 . . " Kasikili/Sedudu " // ICJ Rep 1999, 1045, 18 (. 20 "" ). , , , .: , Vertragsinterpretation und Vertragskonvention, 1976.

<297> .: Hilf. Die Auslegung mehrsprachlicher , 1973, 124ff, 144ff ( , . ).

 

124. . <298>. , . .

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<298> .: Verdross/Simma, , 781; abweichend Heintschel v. Heinegg // Ipsen. , 11 Rn 9.

 

- , (contra proferentem) <299>.

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<299> .: Seidl-Hohenveldern/Stein (Fn 42) Rn 340f.

 

- , - (interpretatio in favorem debitoris, in dubio mitius) <300>.

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<300> , contra proferentem in dubio mitius .

 

- <301>.

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<301> . .: Bleckmann. Analogie im , AVR 17 (1977/78) 161ff.

 

- , <302>.

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<302> .: IGH, ICJ Rep 1957, 142 ( ).

 

- ; , , , , <303>.

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<303> .: . Die "implied powers" der Gemeinschaften als Anwendungsfeld der "implied powers" internationaler Organisationen , FS Seidl-Hohenveldern, 1988, 279ff. . : 3. . 12, 156; 4. . 39, 98, 191. . , , , (. 103 ). 6 . 2 pacta tertiis.

 

125. (. 39 . ), . , . (. 4 . 40 ) <304>. , ( ). , (, 1958 1982 ). , , (lex posterior derogat legi priori; lex specialis derogat legi generali), , (. 59, . 3 . 30 ) <305>. .

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<304> , , ( : . 54 ). . . 41 .

<305> .: Verdross/Simma. , 786.

 

126. , , ; "" ( 2 V ). , ius cogens (. 53 ), . ius cogens, , , (. 64 ). , , <306>. <307>. . 53 . 1 . 71 . erga omnes (. . 120) , , erga omnes (, ), , ius cogens, , erga omnes <308>. ius cogens (. . 133) <309>. , . , . 53 ius cogens ( ), (, ). , (, , , , ; . . 48 - 52 ) ( ; . 46 . ). , , ex tunc (. 1 . 69 ). , , . , .. (. "b" . 2 . 3 . 69 ).

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<306> .: Rozakis. The Concept of Jus Cogens in the Law of Treaties, 1976, 109, 144.

<307> .

<308> erga omne , , . , .

<309> . I/3, 62.

 

127. , , "" ex tunc (. 54 . ), (. 60 ). 60 - 62 . . , "" (termination), "" (withdrawal) "" (denunciation) . "" , , "" <310>. . . 54 , ( ) " ". . (. "" . 1 . 70 ), (. "" . 2 . 60 ). , , (. . 65, 70 ).

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<310> .: Heintschel v. Heinegg // Ipsen. , 15 Rn 65.

 

128. (. "" . 54 ). , (. "b" . 54 ). (, ) , <311>. (. "" . 1 . 2 . 70 ), - (. 1 . 72 ); . 57 . "" . . 60 - 62 . 60 . . 3 . 60 " ", , , . 60 , , " " <312> pacta sunt servanda, : , . <313>.

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<311> : 4. . 77 .

<312> Verdross/Simma. , 824.

<313> . : Verdross/Simma. , 811ff.

 

129. , . "" (. 1 . 60 ). . 2 . 60 : , , ( ""). , : , " " , , ( "b"), , " " ( "") <314>. . 4 . 60 , (, ). 5 , . 1 - 3 " ". : , , , ; , , . , , <315>, , , (, ..) <316>.

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<314> "c" , ("" ). .

<315> .: Yahi. La violation d'un , RBDI 1993, 437ff.

<316> .: 7. . 99 . , , .

 

130. . 61 , , , . . 62 clausula rebus sic stantibus, . , , (. 1 . 62). (. "" . 1 . 62). " [] , " (. "b" . 1 . 62). , , (. b . 2 . 62). , , (. "" . 2 . 62); <317>. . 62 .

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<317> . . 11 .

 

)

 

131. <318> , , . "b" . 1 . 38 . , ( ) ( ): , . (. "b" . 1 . 38) <319>: - , <320> <321> ; - (opinio iuris sive necessitatis) <322>. , (. "b" . 1 . 38), " ".

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<318> .: Verdross/Simma. , 568ff. , . . " Asyl " (ICJ Rep 1950, 276). . : Seidl-Hohenveldern. Gewohnheitsrecht, // Lexikon , 147ff. .: Schweitzer/Weber. Handbuch, Rn 242ff.

<319> ( ) custom, , (a general practice accepted as law). , , : , () - , .

<320> .: Tunkin (. 184) 144ff.

<321> (consuetudo) . " Nicaragua " 1986 . (97) : "... ... , ... ..." , . , . .: Mendelson. The Formation of Customary International Law, RdC 272 (1998) 155ff.

<322> (. . 63 . .).

 

: ( ) <323>, <324> <325> . , <326>. , , lex specialis. ; ius cogens.

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<323> . . 10 , , .

<324> , : Scelle. du droit de la paix, RdC 46 (1933-IV) 327 (428); . : (Fn 55) 198ff.

<325> opinio iuris , .

<326> .: Bernhardt, Customary International Law, EPIL I (1992) 898 (900f). " " .

 

133. , . . . , , , . () , , " ": , . , , . . (acquiescence). ; . , , . , .

134. (acquiescence) . . (recognition) <327>.

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<327> estoppel . .: Martin. L'estoppel en droit international public, 1979, 71ff. acquiescence venire. estoppel . .: Mosler. General Principles of Law, EPIL II (1995) 511 (514 bzw 525). estoppel , , , , . .: . Kompendium, 445, 569.





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