1. ,
. 38
) ( )
113. () . 1 . 38 . , ( ) <271> . . "". , , . - " " - . , , <272>; " " <273>, . . "" . 1 . 38 , , . , , , , , . " , " <274>, . "" . 1 . 38 . , : , , <275>.
--------------------------------
<271> , , () , : , , , . ; .
<272> , soft law. "" .
<273> Verdross/Simma. , 75, 519.
<274> Parry. The Sources and Evidences of International Law, 1965, 28f.
<275> , . , . .: Karl. Vertrag und Praxis im , 1983, 248ff, 265ff.
|
|
114. , , : 23 1969 ( ), 21 1986 , 23 1978 <276>. 108- ( 1 2007 ); , , : . . " " .
--------------------------------
<276> , , . 1996 ., 20 ( 1 2007 .). , des tabula-rasa-Prinzips (Art 16). .: BGBl 1985 II, 926 = Sart II, Nr 320 (WVK); BGBl 1990 II, 1414 (WVKIO); ILM 17 (1978) 1488 ; . : 3. . 181 .
115. , , (governed by international law) , , <277>. . . ("", "", "") , (. "b" . 1 . 2 ), , () . (. 1, . "" . 1 . 2). , , , , ; , . " " () , " - " , " ". 5 , . , , ( ). - . , ; ( , ) , (. 38 ). . . 4, , ; , - (27 1980 ).
|
|
--------------------------------
<277> . . , (, ), "" , .
116. . 6 . , ; . "" " "; , , (. 49 ); "" . . , , . (. "c" . 1 . 2 ) (. 1 . 7 ). . 2 . 7 , ( , , - ; , , - ). . 8 .
117. , . . , . , , , (. 10 ). , ; . - (. 12 ). . 12 , , , ( , . "" . 18 ) <278>. , , (. 13 , ). "" , (. 14 ). (. "b" . 1 . 2 ). , <279>. , . . . 11, 13 . (, ..). , . , . <280> " " (. 2 ).
|
|
--------------------------------
<278> , .
<279> Wildhaber. Treaty-making Power and Constitution, 1971; Riesenfeld/Abbott (Hrsg). Parliamentary Participation in the Making and Operation of Treaties, 1994.
<280> .: 4. . 199.
118. ( ) (. 1 2 . 24 ). , (. 3 . 24 ). , <281>. , 1982 ( 1994 ). , , , , (. 55 ). . , (. 26 ; pacta sunt servanda) <282>. (. 27 ). . 46 , ( ) <283>.
|
|
--------------------------------
<281> . . 84 .
<282> , .
<283> .: Verdross/Simma. , 689ff.
119. ( , [ ]), (. 76 .). , . 102 (. 80 ) . ( ). , , (. 2 . 102 ). , , . (United Nations Treaty Series - UNTS).
120. , . ( ) (. 29 ). , ( , moving frontiers-Grundsatz); (ex nunc, . 28 ), . ; . 17 : , . , (. 35 . ). , . 34 , " " (pacta tertiis nec nocent nec prosunt). res inter alios acta, , . pacta tertiis , . 1970 , , obiter dictum " , . . ; erga omnes " <284>. , erga omnes, , , ( ius cogens . . 126) <285>. erga omnes , " " , , <286>. , erga omnes , ( [ius standi], ) <287>, , <288>. . , , , <289>. , pacta tertiis - () "" . ( " ", "Bernadotte" 1949 ). , <290>.
|
|
--------------------------------
<284> "Barcelona Traction" (ICJ Rep 1970, 3, 32). , Kompendium, 267.
<285> " Barcelona Traction" , , , , . . . : East Timor, ICJ Rep 1995, 89, 102; Genocide Convention, ICJ Rep 1996, 594, 616. .: Grenzwall-Gutachten, ICJ Reports 2004, 136 ( 155ff). . : Tomuschat/Neuhold/Kropholler. Vertrag und Drittstaaten, BerDGVR 28 (1988) 9ff. erga omnes ( ), , , ( , ), (, ), (, ) . .: E. Klein. im , 1980, 15f, 140ff, 191ff; Heintschel v. Heinegg // Ipsen. , 12 Rn 28f. " ".
<286> " " .: Paulus (Fn 60) 9ff, 385f; Tomuschat. Die internationale Gemeinschaft, AVR 33 (1995) 1 (8ff).
<287> . "East Timor" (ICJ Rep 1995, 89 // 29). : " , , . , erga omnes". , - , . , , erga omnes. .: 26.02.2007 // http://www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/idocket/ibhy/ibhyframe.htm. 147 [Genocide Convention II].
<288> .: Tomuschat. International Law, 84; Simma. From Bilateralism to Community Interest in International Law, RdC 250 (1994-VI) 217 (296f); Hobe/Kimminich. , 174, 406f; Doehring, , Rn 988f. Krit Ragazzi. The Concept of International Obligations Erga Omnes, 1997, 210ff; Talmon. Kollektive Nichtanerkennung illegaler Staaten, 2006, 292ff mit Dokumentation der Diskussion im Rahmen der ILC.
<289> .: Heintschel v. Heinegg // Ipsen. , 15 Rn 58; Cassese. International Law, 2001, 210f. . Meeresschutz im und Europarecht, 2004, 77ff.
<290> .: 4. . 98, 104.
121. . , , (. 17 ), , , <291>. (. 19 . ). (. 1 . 23 ) , (. "d" . 1 . 2 ) <292>. ( ) , <293>. , (. 3 . 31 ), . (, . 1 . 1 ) (, . 1 . 12 ) (. . "a" "b" . 19 ). , " " ( ), (. "c" . 19 ). . 19 , , , . , (. 1 . 20 ). , . , , (. 2 . 20, . 1 . 23 ). ( ), (. 5 . 20 ) <294>.
--------------------------------
<291> opting out. .: Heintschel v. Heinegg // Ipsen. , 13 Rn 7; Verdross/Simma. , 629 Fn 14 (contracting out).
<292> , , , , .: Bauer, Vorbehalte zu . 1994; Henkin u a. Human Rights as General Norms and a State's Right to Opt Out, 1997.
<293> .: . Vorbehalte zu multilateralen , 1980, 35ff 41ff 109ff. , , ( , ); , , . 19 , " ".
<294> , . .: (Fn 293), 104ff, 132ff.
122. . , , (. 2 . 21 ). , , , , (. 4 . 20, . 1 . 21 ). , , , , , " " (. "b" . 4 . 20 ); , , (. 3 . 21 : " "). , . (. . "a", "c" . 4 . 20 ) . , , "" , , " ", . , . "b" . 4 . 20 <295>.