, , - , () 1 - . , .
, , (, H2SO4). (, .., , ½H2SO4, 1/5KMnO4) , . , ,
2HCl + Ca(OH)2 = CaCl2 + 2H2O
- Ca(OH)2.
: , z* .
(z*) + - - , ( ) .
, , () + - - , (f), f = 1/z*. f (Ca(OH)2) =1/2. 3NaOH + H3PO4 = Na3PO4 + 3H2O f (NaOH) = 1, f (34) = f (Na34) = 1/3.
- :
f () = 1/ , ,
Zn2+ + 2ē → Zno ;
f () = 1/ , ,
Alo 3ē → Al3+ .
, 6,02×1023 . ().
() = ()/z* = f () M(),
() (/ /); f () , M() (/ /).
, : n() = m()/ ().
1 f () ().
(V) . , (2) = 1 /, 1 2, , ( .. 1 22,4 , , Vm) V(2) = V m: z* = V m f = V m 1/2 = 11,2 . , (2) = ¼ (2) = 32: 4 = 8 /, 5,6 . V() 3 .
1
f () ()
|
|
f () | () | |
, | ||
f() = | () = | () = 40/2 = 20 / |
f() = n | () = | (N) = 17/3 / |
, n | ||
f(n) = n n | (n) = | (2) = 32/(22) = 8 / |
, nm | ||
f(n m ) = | (nn) = | (25) = 145/(52) = 14,2 / |
, HnAn (An ) | ||
f(HnAn) = n | (HnAn) = | (34) = 98 /3 = 32,7 / |
, Me(OH)n | ||
f(Me(OH)n) = n | (Me(OH)n) = | (Fe(OH)2) = 90/2 = 45 / |
, MenAnm | ||
f(MenAnm) = n | (MenAnm) = | (Al2(SO4)3) = 342/(23) = 57 / |
4. MgSO3 MgSO4.
: MgSO3 MgSO4.
: , .
:
;
;
;
.
: , .
, .
.
, . n (1) = n (2):
.
5. , 8,16 20 H2SO4, 49 /.
:
m (Me) = 8,16 ; m (H2SO4) = 20 ; M(H2SO4) = 49 /.
: , M() -?
:
1. :
m(e)/ M (e) = m (H2SO4) / M (H2SO4)
M (e)= (m (e)M (H2SO4)) / m (H2SO4) = 8,1649 / 20 = 20 (/)
: 20 /.
:
, , :
P2/P1= V1/ V2 ЕV = onst
:
():
V1/T1= V2/ T2 V/T = onst
:
:
1/T1= 2/ T2 /= onst
, , - ( ):
PV/ = 0V0/0,
V ; 0, V0, 0 .
, .
6. , 53, 101,3 (760 . .). , , , 2 3?
:
V1 = 53, V2 = 23, 1=101,3 , T = onst.
: 2 -?
:
, , :
P2/P1= V1/ V2 ЕV = onst,
P2:
P2= P1V1/ V2 = (101,35)/2=253,3
|
|
: 253,3 .
7. 15 99,3 (745 . .) 100 3. , 0 101,33 .
:
= 99,3 , 0 = 101,3 , T = 15 = 273+10 = 283 ,
0 = 0 = 273+0 = 273 , V = 100 3.
: V0 -?
:
, , -:
PV/ = 0V0/0,
V0:
V0 = PV0 / 0 = (99,3100273)/(101,3283) =94,56(3)
: 94,563 0 101,33 .
(, ) , , , , .
, 4NH3() + 5O2() = 4NO() + 6 H2O()
V(NH3):V(O2): V(NO): V(H2O) = 4: 5: 4: 6.
. .