- : - .
- :
1. , (, ).
2. , .
, :
) 1-3 (Na+, K+);
)+ ( );
) -2 ( 22 ).
3. :
)
) Cr+6 Cr+3
6+ - - . :
) Fe2+ Fe3+
) 1;
) , , = 0;
) 2 .
4. . .
5. .
, ( > 0) ( < 0) . (, , , ).
) , = 0, ;
) : , N2O, NO;
) ;
) 2.
6. , .
7. , .
8. , .
9. .
10. .
20. Fe(III) , : Fe2O3+ C → Fe + CO↑
: Fe2O3+ C → Fe + CO↑
: .
:
, +3 0;
, 0 +2.
, :
Fe+3 + 3ē → Fe0 2 , Fe+3
0 - 2ē → +2 3 , 0
Fe2O3+ 3C → 2Fe + 3CO↑
21. ,
K2Cr2O7 + HCl → l + CrCI3 + H2O + Cl2
: K2Cr2O7 + HCl → l + CrCI3 + H2O + Cl2
|
|
:
:
+6 +1 -1 +3 0
K2Cr2O7 + HCl → l + CrCI3 + H2O + Cl2
2Cr2O7 +6 Crl3 +3, l -1 Cl2 0.
Cr+6 + 3e Cr+3 3 , Cr+6
Cl-1 1e Cl0 1 , Cl-
, (+ 6). 6, 1, 6. , , :
2r27 + 14HCl = 2CrCl3 + 2KCl + 3Cl2 + 7H2O
-
- () () . . .
MnO4 + FeSO4 + H2SO4 MnSO4 + Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O
MnO4- + Fe2+ + H+ Mn2+ + Fe3+ + H2O
Fe2+ Fe3+, MnO4- Mn2+. , :
5
, .
Fe2+ - ē Fe3+ 5
1
, , :
2 MnO4 + 10 FeSO4 + 8 H2SO4 2 MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 8 H2O
- - , - .
: , . , , , . , , , , . , , (, , KNO3).
, ( -, ). , , . , , . (0...100 ) - . , , . , , , , , .
|
|
, - . , , , . , , . , . , , , , . , : ?
, . , , , . , , I II, (2, Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca ..).
, . VIA VII (2, F2, l2, 2, I2). , , I Rb Cs , Li Na. , VII F2 , 12, r2, I2. , d-, , .
22. , ? , .
:
: As, Se, Br
: , -?
: . . , . , , (ns2np6). V, VI, VII- s23, s2p4, s2p5. , , , :
= , = 8, :
(s) = +5, (As) = -3 (As2O5, AsH3);
(Se) = +6, (Se) = -2 (SeO3, Na2Se);
(Br) = +7, (Br) = -1 (rO4, KBr).
: (s) = +5, (As) = -3 (As2O5, AsH3); (Se) = +6, (Se) = -2 (SeO3, Na2Se); (Br) = +7, (Br) = -1 (rO4, KBr).
23. ?
:
: Mn, Br
: .
: :
25Mn 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d5
35Br 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p5
d - VII- , p - VII- . , .
|
|
, , , ( ). . , , , , , ( ). , , , , , , . , .
: .
3
() , .
( ):
1. () ;
2. () , ();
3. , , , , , , .
4. , . , .
5. , .
6. , ();
7. .
6. -, - , , .. .
8. () ( 2 . 1).
9. ( ) (), [4].
7
N/ | () | .% | N/ | () | .% |
1. | = 32,00 | 50,00 S 50,00 | 21. | = 2,11 | Cl 52,56 O 47,44 |
2. | = 1,127 | 60,00 S 40,00 | 22. | = 1,23 | Cl 81,59 O 18,41 |
3. | = 0,875 | C 42,86 O 57,14 | 23. | = 22,01 | N 63,65 O 36,35 |
4. | = 2,588 | C 27,273 O 72,727 | 24. | = 0,53 | N 82,26 H 17,74 |
5. | = 18,25 | Cl 97,26 H 2,74 | 25. | = 1,76 | N 46,68 O 53,32 |
6. | = 0,625 | F 95,00 H 5,00 | 26. | = 23,01 | N 30,45 O 69,55 |
7. | = 1,803 | I 99,22 H 0,78 | 27. | DCO(X) = 1,15 | Si 87,45 H 12,55 |
8. | = 4,765 | Br 98,765 H 1,235 | 28. | = 1,68 | Be 19,17 F 80,83 |
9. | = 8,00 | C 75,00 H 25,00 | 29. | = 1,99 | H 8,89 P 91,11 |
10. | = 5,176 | C 13,64 F 86,36 | 30. | = 1,09 | As 96,12 H 3,88 |
11. | = 2,38 | C 15,77 S 84,23 | 31. | = 3,89 | H 2,42 Sb 97,58 |
12. | = 43,97 | P 35,22 F 64,78 | 32. | = 1,52 | F 70,33 S 29,67 |
7
|
|
13. | =2,666 | B 90,785 Cl 9,215 | 33. | = 9,91 | Be 5,34 Br 94,66 |
14. | = 2,12 | B 15,94 F 84,06 | 34. | = 35,03 | F 54,23 S 45,77 |
15. | = 1,06 | H 5,91 S 94,09 | 35. | = 3,71 | Be 3,43 I 96,57 |
16. | = 1,14 | H 2,49 Se 97,51 | 36. | = 0,77 | Cl 65,11 F 34,89 |
17. | = 1,529 | H 7,69 92,31 | 37. | = 2,89 | Cl 38,35 F 61,65 |
18. | = 72,95 | F 13,02 I 86,98 | 38. | = 5,81 | Br 80,79 F 19,21 |
19. | = 3,29 | Cl 45,60 I 54,40 | 39. | = 2,22 | N 19,73 F 80,27 |
20. | = 1,34 | H 2,34 N 97,66 | 40. | =1,47 | Si 26,99 F 73,01 |