(PASSIVE VOICE)
:
Sam wrote the letter. The letter was written by Sam.
Normally we deliver goods on time. The goods are normally delivered in time.
, -
() .
(.. -
), () .
, , .
Simple Tenses
to be Past Participle . , , -
by:
The contract is signed by Mr. Brown. - .
I was met by top management of Continental Equipment.
Continental Equipment.
Present Simple Tense ,
, , . :
Coffee is usually imported from Brazil. .
This consignment of coffee is imported from Brazil. .
, (to look at, to look for, to listen to, to speak
about, to talk to, to send for, etc.), :
Jim was sent for by the President. .
The fair is much talked about. .
:
Are cars produced by many countries? ?
When was the L/C opened? ?
not :
These documents are not sent by fax. .
The price was not accepted by the Buyers. .
UNIT 11
(DEPENDENT CLAUSES)
, -
, , . :
The project will be completed whether the contract continues or not. -
, .
I will call him as soon as he comes. , .
. .
.
1. : that, what, where, why.
2. : when, after, before, since.
3. : because, as, since.
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4. : if, unless, provided that .
5. : in order that, that .
6. : though, although, however.
7. : as if, although .
.
1. ( : that, whether, what, which, when, etc.)
What they want now is to speak to our director. To,
.
2. (that, whether, if, who, what, etc.)
That was why he could not sign the contract. .
3. (that, where, who, what, why, etc. )
We inform you that we decided to accept your proposal. ,
.
We did not know why he had not gone there. , .
(
).
4. (who, that, which, whose, whom, etc.)
Andrew, who is a very good expert, will look through the material tomorrow. ,
, .
The printer that we are planning to buy must be able to take heavy use. , -
, .
5.
) (because, since)
Since we have gone over the budget, we cannot buy any computers. -
, .
) (when, after, while, as soon as, etc.)
We could meet tomorrow after you look through the materials. , -
.
) (that, so that, in order that)
He brought the necessary materials so that we could discuss the problem immediately. -
, .
) (though, although, in spite of, despite)
Although the number of the host computers can be counted accurately, nobody knows how many people
use the Internet. , -
.
) / (as, as if, as though)
He did as he was requested. , .
) (if, unless, on condition that, etc.)
Unless they do not accept our terms, we shall not sign the contract. -
, .
.
, .
1. ,
, :
We signed contracts if they gave us a good discount. ,
.
We sign contracts if they give us a good discount. , -
.
We shall sign contracts if they give us a good discount. ,
.
, if,
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when ., .
2. , -
.
We should sign contracts if they gave us a good discount. ,
.
should would ( -
would ) , Past Indefinite -
. to be , , -
were.
If I were you, I would invite the businessmen to a restaurant.
3. -
, .
We should have signed the contract if they had given us a good discount. ,
.
should would
, Past Perfect.
wish.
I wish :
1. Past Indefinite , .
I wish he were with us. , .
I wish I knew it. , .
2. Past Perfect , .
I wish he had stayed at home. , .
3. , :
would + Infinitive, might + Infinitive, could + Infinitive
I wish he would tell me everything. , .
I wish that you would (could) call tomorrow (today). , ().
wish , :
I wish that you had called yesterday. , .
UNIT 12
(SEQUENCE OF TENSES)
-
(Simple, Continuous
Perfect),
.
- , -
:
) , ,
Past Simple:
didnt know that I was manager. , .
) , ,
Past Perfect:
didn't know that I had been a manager. , .
) , ,
, would/should
would :
didn't know when the consignment of equipment would arrive. ,
.
(INDIRECT SPEECH)
to ask, to say, to
tell. , -
, : this that, these
those, here there, now then, yesterday
the day before, today that day, tomorrow the next day, ago before, last week the week before.
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, -
, Past Perfect, a Past Simple
( ):
Nick said he had come to the States where he started his company in 1979. Since then his sales' revenues
went up every year. However, in 1985 he had to return to England.
if whether.
-
. :
Victor asked me if I had sent the letter. , .
John asked me how long I had been working for TST Systems. , -
.
to ask, to order, to tell
, -
:
John said, "Please type this letter, Mary". John told Mary to type the letter.
(GERUND AND INFINITIVE)
, .
.
I. I -
). , , .
,
(, , , ..). -
(to write, to be written), -
(to write, to have written), Continuous (to be writing, to have been writing).
, , -
, , .
) agree, deserve, manage, regret, appear, expect, mean, refuse, arrange, fail, need, seem,
ask, forget, offer, tend, claim, hesitate, plan, threaten, consent, hope, prepare, wait, decide, intend, pretend,
want, demand, learn, promise ., would like ('d like)
:
I did not intend to offend you. .
She forgot to send the letter. .
They managed to do it. .
) admit, deny, mention, recommend, appreciate, discuss, miss, risk, avoid, enjoy, postpone,
stop, complete, excuse, practise, suggest, consider, finish, quit, tolerate, delay, keep, recall, understand
:
I hope you will enjoy your staying here. , .
Stop talking. .
He has completed writing his report. .
) (to like, to prefer, to begin, to start, to continue .)
, . to begin, to start, to continue -
.
:
began working for this company in 1991. 1991.
began to work an hour ago. .
) : to approve
of, interest in, to be afraid of, importance of, to be engaged in, to insist on, to be interested in, to keep on, to be
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responsible for, to look forward to, to blame for, to object to, cannot help, opportunity of, to count on, to rely
on, to depend on, reason for, do not mind to, thank for, to forget about, to think of (about), to get through, way
of, idea of, would you mind .
We are looking forward to hearing from you. .
We are interested in importing these goods. .
) ( after, before, on)
( by, without, instead of, besides):
After receiving our order, let us know the exact date of delivery. -
.
Mr. Brown went out without saying a word. - , __
