,
, .
.
1) :
Victr drew up an invoice. .
2) :
Victor did not draw up an invoice. .
3) :
Did Victor draw up an invoice? ?
4) :
Draw up an invoice, please. , , .
,
, ,
, :
I did not sign the contract
( ).
It is cold in here.
( ).
They are from Kiev.
( ).
:
, .
:
I sent the letter by fax. .
The Parties introduced additions into the contract.
Yesterday we received five letters. .
He will open a letter of credit tomorrow. .
In 1988, Mr. Brown worked in Ukraine. 1988 - .
( ?) -
( ? ?):
Give him the documents. .
I often send Mr. Brown faxes. - .
,
to:
Send this letter to Mr. Brown. - .
I wrote this letter to you. .
Do not give this document to him. He .
(THE NOUN)
(Singular) -
(Plural) (The Common Case) (The Possessive Case).
1. .
-s
:
bill bills
buck bucks (.)
payment payments
- s [s] [z] -
.
-s, - ss, - eh, - ch, - ( ) - ,
|
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- es:
expense expenses
tax taxes
address addresses
branch branches
loss losses
dish dishes
hero heroes
- es s, ss, x, sh, ch, ce, se, ze, ge [iz].
- ,
, - s.
- , -
-es - -i:
delivery deliveries
duty duties
, - f, - fe, f :
leaf leaves __________
life lives
: chief chiefs, roof roofs .
:
man men
woman women
businessman businessmen
child children
fish fish
foot feet
foot foot (30, 48 )
sheep sheep
deer deer
quid quid (.)
:
quantum quanta
thesis theses
appendix appendices
index indices .
, ,
.
, news (), works (, ), means
(, ), series (, ) ., : economics
(), mechanics (), , -
. "" " " ( -
) economy
:
economy of the USA
economies of western countries
people "", -
, - .
A lot of people like music. .
, "", -
- .
The people of Ukraine wants to live at peace with other peoples.
.
2.
: -
, , , . -
|
|
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,
, .
The CEO is expecting the Marketing Manager at his office. -
.
whose? (?)
.
's. -
':
manager's letter
managers' letters
expert's opinion
experts' opinion
:
businessmen's guide
women's magazine
, -
.
- s - ,
:
Mr. Tufts's fax Mr. Tufts' fax
[iz]. -
:
) , :
my secretary's mistake
Mr. Mark's office -
) , :
hour (), day (), month (), year (), morning () .., :
yesterday (), today (), tomorrow ():
hour's delay
today's letters
tomorrow's delivery
) , , , :
world (), earth (), country (), city () .:
the world's best
Ukraine's businessmen
the earth's axis
of:
my secretary's mistake a mistake of my secretary
Mr. Mark's office the office of Mr. Mark
(THE ARTICLES)
(a/an) :
) -
- ( to be, to become, to see, to have (got), there is,
as):
He is a sales representative. .
John became a President of big company.
.
Victor works as a manager. .
There is a letter on the table. .
I see a car. .
) ; , , , :
five dollars a pound
two miles an hour
Our company concludes two contracts a day. .
) , : a lot of (), a few, a little (), , -
: hundred (), a thousand (), a dozen () . .
) ,
, : quite, such, rather:
Helen is quite an inexperienced secretary. .
This is rather a difficult problem. .
(the) :
) ,
, , , ,
:
I sent you a letter. .
I would like to know your reaction on the letter. .
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Did you see the contracts we signed yesterday? He , -
?
) , , -
:
Close the window. .
The director wants to see you. .
The airplane is the fastest way of transportation.
.
) :
the best way
the first of January
) one of, some of, each of, most of all, both:
one of the letters
each of the contracts
all the companies
) , , ; , , -
(state, commonwealth ..): the Dnepr (), the Black Sea (-
), the Pacific Ocean ( ), the USA (), the CIS () .
e) : in the street ( ), in the morning ( ), in the
evening (no ), the same ( ), the following (), the next ( . "
"), the last ( . "") ..
:
) -
- :
They are sale representatives. .
) :
This work does not give me satisfaction. .
Time is money. .
) next ( "") last ( ""):
next year
last year
) , , : Wall Street, Kiev, New-York, England . .
) , : Colonel Smith, Mr.
White, Miss Jane ..
e) : in time (), by bus (), by train (), by air
(), at home () ..
UNIT 2
(ADJECTIVES)
1. : good, bad, long, large, easy.
2. : comfortable, irregular.
.
-less without hopeless
-ive constructive
-able ability comfortable
-ible horrible
-ous quality famous
-y lucky
-ly lovely
-ish reddish
-en golden
il- opposite illegal
im- ( ) impossible
in- incorrect
ir- irregular
un- uncommon
over- too much overcrowded
large larger the largest
hot hotter the hottest
easy easier the easiest
difficult more difficult the most difficult
impossible more impossible the most impossible
good better the best
bad worse the worst
little less the least
much more the most
far farther the farthest
than The result of the business trip is much better than that of the previous one.
as...as This result is as good as that one.
not so... as This result is not so good as that one.
the (more) ... the (less) The more we study, the less we know.
.
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1. They work in the new office.
2. Their office is new.
(ADVERBS)
-l
, .
:
1. : well, much, too, very, often.
2. : partly, quickly, hardly.
3. : sometimes, somewhere, anywhere, nowhere, since then, so far.
4. :
: fast, hard, late is working fast. It is a fast car.
: after, before, since I have not seen him since. I have not seen him since he left.
. : hard -
( ), hardly , high , highly , , near , -
, nearly .
many few -
, a much little . many : a good many, a great many,
lots (of). much: a good deal (of), a plenty (of). ,
a lot (of).
: a lot of money, a lot of friends.
few little. () little
: a bit (of) I am a bit tired.
UNIT 3
(THE NUMERALS)
(cardinal)
1 one 11 eleven 21 twenty-one
2 two 12 twelve 22 twenty-two
3 three 13 thirteen 30 thirty
4 four 14 fourteen 40 forty
5 five 15 fifteen 50 fifty
6 six 16 sixteen 60 sixty
7 seven 17 seventeen 70 seventy
8 eight 18 eighteen 80 eighty
9 nine 19 nineteen 90 ninety
10 ten 20 twenty 100 one hundred
101 one hundred and one
121 one hundred and twenty-one
200 two hundred
1000 one thousand
1021 one thousand and twenty one
3624 three thousand six hundred and twenty-four
1 . one million; 1 . one milliard (.), one billion (.); dozen; pair
(, . . ), couple (, . ).
(ordinal)
1st first 21st twenty-first
2nd second 22nd twenty-second
3rd third 30th thirtieth
4th fourth 40th fortieth
5th fifth 50th fiftieth
6th sixth 60th sixtieth
7th seventh 70th seventieth
8th eighth 80th eightieth.
9th ninth 90th ninetieth
10th tenth 100th one hundredth
11th eleventh 101st one hundred and first
12th twelfth 121st one hundred and twenty-first
13th thirteenth 1000th one thousandth
14th fourteenth 1024m one thousand and twenty- fourth
15th fifteenth
16th sixteenth
17th seventeenth
18th eighteenth
19th nineteenth
20th twentieth
hundred, thousand, million
:
2 243 567 two million two hundred and forty-three thousand five hundred and sixty-seven
" ", " "
.., :
hundreds of companies
hundred companies
thousands of agreements
thousand agreements
, ,
:
10 256 783 10, 265, 783
1 150 000 1, 150, 000
1100, 1200 .. ( 2000) : eleven hundred,
twelve hundred, etc.
, , :
1997 nineteen ninety-seven
1828 eighteen twenty-eight
1900 nineteen hundred
1806 eighteen o six
:
1/2 a half 2/3 two thirds
1/3 one third 5/8 five eights
1/4 a quarter 3 3/5 three and three fifths
1/8 one eighth 10 5/6 ten and five sixths
, .
, 0 (
zero):
0.03 o-point-o-three
5.6 five-point-six
47.57 four-seven (forty-seven)-point-five-seven
per cent :
45% 45 per cent.
)
Today I have sent them one fax. .
Two were sent yesterday. .
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)
They will be ten. .
Victor was the second. .
)
How many contracts did our
company conclude last month? ?
It concluded eleven. 11 .
)
The price of the goods is
5, 000, 000 dollars. .
(THE PARTICIPLE)
I receiving being received
I having received having been received
II received
I ( ) -ing -
to:
to sell selling, to establish establishing.
- , : to eliminate
eliminating, to elaborate elaborating.
, , -
:
to put putting, to sit sitting.
- ie, -ie - :
to tie - tying, to lie lying.
II ( Past Participle)
, (Past Tense), .. -
-ed : to ask asked, to receive received, to apply applied, to stop stopped.
II :
to arise - arisen, to buy - bought, to send sent.
I Continuous. II (-
) Perfect .
I -
:
) ,
Studying advertising materials, ,
our manager found out many
interesting things. .
)
Last week my secretary sent
you the letter showing the
prices of our products. .
II ( )
:
Thank you for the fax sent by ,
you on November 18. 18 .
I II, , -
, .
(, ), ,
.
) + I .
to find, to keep, to see, to feel, to observe, to look, to hear, to notice, to watch:
Have I kept you waiting? ?
) + II.
to have ( ), to get, to want, to wish:
I want to have this equipment
tested. ( - ).
:
I want to test this equipment. () .
) + (, , )
:
The contract having been ,
signed, our managers went home. .
UNIT 4
(PRONOUNS)
:
1.
I me
you you
he him
she her
it it
we us
you you
they them
She will speak to him. .
2. I II
my mine
your yours
his his
her hers
its its
our ours
your yours
their theirs
:
Her paper was interesting. .
:
This paper is hers. .
3.
Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.
- -
:
She washed herself. .
:
We saw it ourselves. .
.
4.
This (these), that (those), such, the same.
this that : this these; that
those.
Give me that document. .
I know these documents.
This is the same document. .
It was such a pleasant party. !
5.
Each other, one another.
: , .
They greeted each other. .
6.
Who, whom, whose, what, which, that.
, (, , ), , , , . -
.
What has he become? ?
I do not know whose paper this is. , .
7.
Some, any, one, all, each, every, other, another, both, either, no, none, neither.
some -
.
some
Give me some book, to read. - .
showed me some papers. .
any
Have you any excuse? - ?
You may go out any time you like. .
: something, somebody, anything, anybody, nobody, nothing.
I saw nobody there. .
:
either... or (... ) neither... nor (... ). either, neither
.
I know neither him, nor his wife. , .
(PREPOSITIONS)
, :
(of)
That was the room of my sister.
(to, for)
She showed a price-list to him.
(by, with)
The letter was written by a secretary.
She was writing it with a pen.
:
at the box on the box
in front of the box behind the box
in the box under the box
over the box near the box
through the window between two windows
across the street among the employees
:
to the house into the house
toward (s) the house from the house
out of the house off the house
:
on on Sunday
since since 6 o'clock
for for an hour
in in March
during during the meeting
before before the meeting
at at 7 a.m.
after after the meeting
by by 2 o'clock
till till April
from... till from 3 till 5
between between 1 and 2 p.m.
, -
.
UNIT 5
(MODAL VERBS)
, ,
( ).
to ( ought).
:
1) ;
2)
, .
1. , ( ), , , -
.
) must
:
You must do it. .
You must not do it. .
:
He must be sitting in his office. .
It must be Mr. Smith. , , .
, , -
:
I must have thrown this letter away. , , .
) shall
:
We shall win! !
:
Shall I help you? ?
Shall I go out? ?
shall -
:
The seller shall sell and the buyer shall buy ,
) should ( shall) ought (to)
, , , :
You should not do it. .
He should sign the contract. .
You should not drink so much. .
, ,
:
You ought not to have visited Mr. Brown. .
You should have checked the TV set before you bought it. , , -
.
) need
-:
You need not do it. .
You need not send the letter. .
:
You must not send the letter. .
2. , , , , , -
.
) can ( could)
() - :
I can speak English. -.
Can you type? ?
He could type. .
, , , , :
You can come at 6 oclock. 6 .
Could you tell me your phone number? ?
You cannot do this. .
-
( -
):
Could it have been him? ?
He could have done it. .
She could not have done it. , .
) may ( might)
, :
You may go. .
May I see your licence? , , .
May I come in? ?
(
may/might can/could,
might ).
He may come. , , .
3. , .
) to have (got) to must -
:
They will have to deliver the equipment within 12 months. -
12 .
She had to send the letter yesterday. .
to have (got) to , -
:
He has to sign the contract. ( -
).
) to be able to can
:
They will be able to dispatch the goods next month. -
.
We are not able to make a reduction in price. .
) to be allowed to, to be permitted to may:
I shall not be allowed to transfer the money. .
) to be to must :
, , , :
Freight is to be paid by the Supplier. .
The flight is to arrive at 2 p.m. .
:
You are not to do it. .
to be to :
The equipment is to be delivered within six months from the date of payment.
.
