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177. against, for a: on the point (verge) of, far from.

to be , : , (to be against); , (to be for); (to be on the point of); (to be far from).

:

, . They were against postponing the discussion of this problem.

, . is against carrying out a new set of experiments.

, . She is against being sent to the plant.

. We were all for starting the experiments at once.

, . They were on the point of lowering the temperature when the explosion occurred.

. The results are far from being conclusive.

. The question is at present far from being solved.

. being . :


. The reaction is far from (being) quantitative.

178. . , , , : to depend on (upon), to object to, to insist on (upon), to rely on (upon), to prevent from, to succeed in, to result in, to think of, to hear of, to know of (about), to accuse of, to approve (disapprove) of, to inform of, to suspect of, to persist in, to aid in, to aim at, to account for, to give up, to go on, to keep on, to keep from, to put off, to result from; to be disappointed at, to be glad at, to be surprised at, to be engaged in, to be active in, to be interested in, to be afraid of, to be capable (incapable) of, to be fond of, to be proud of, to be astonished at, to be pleased with, to be responsible for, to get used to, to be successful in, to be consistent with. :

, -, . The two bulky isopropyl groups seem to prevent the reaction from occurring directly at the phosphorus atom.

. Only one hydroxyl group of chloral hydrate was capable of being moved by the orthoester.

. loosen the entire assembly for adjustment calls for loosening screws only at three points.

( ). Functional groups are capable of forming salts.

IV-B. Kraus and co-workers were successful in preparing alkali metal derivatives of the other Group IV-B elements.

179. . , (problem, task, way, idea, habit, art), (hope, feeling, intention) (difficulty, necessity).

, , : 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) , . , , : astonishment (at), disappointment (at), surprise (at), apology (for), plan (for), evidence (for), preparation


(for), instrument (for), reason (for), experience (in), interest (in), convenience (in), skill (in), chance (of), opportunity (of), method (of, for), procedure (of), technique (of), fear (of), habit (of), hope (of), idea (of), importance (of), intention (of), means (of), necessity (of), pleasure (of), possibility (of), problem (of), theory (of), process (of), right (of), way (of), objection (to), opposition (to), discussion (of, on).

:

, . This mechanism also has the great advantage of requiring that the addition be trans.

. The technique of taking Raman spectra cannot be made the subject of detailed discussion.

. There are several ways of handling this difficulty.

, . The system has the disadvantage of being relatively expensive.

. These findings suggested the possibility of removing the water of nitration in a continuous manner.

, . A specially constructed film reading device is employed to assure the highest possible accuracy of reading.

, , . These metal packings do have the advantage of being able to withstand harder usage than glass.

, () (f), (') (f'). For convenience in writing, models such as (e) and (/), are represented by the projection formulas (e') and (f').

. There was a strong objection to carrying on this costly investigation.

. We have objections to introducing a new catalyst.

. This is a new device for measuring blood pressure.

, .

A discussion on solving this problem was under way.

. , , , . : boiling point ; melting point ; dining room .


180. a: to begin, to start, to stop, to finish, to give up, to leave off, to keep, to keep on, to go on, to put off, to postpone, to delay, to be busy. , , ( , , , . . . ).

:

(: ). They started working.

(: , ). They were busy packing.

(: ). finished reading his book.

1942 . This Company began manufacturing synthetic catalysts in 1942.

- . The host cell stops dividing.

. They have put off discussing the problem.

1. to stop , . . stopped smoking.

to stop : , . stopped to smoke.

2. being . : In Algiers the situation is continuing (being) calm... He would certainly be rewarded if he continued (being) faithful to his obligations.

181. : to like, to dislike, to prefer, to hate, to afford, to mind, to enjoy, to be worth while, to be no good, to be useless, to be (of) no use. , , , . .

:

. I like studying.

. I hate missing lectures.

. They could not afford carrying out another unsuccessful experiment.

. These authors preferred heating the mixture for two days.


. It, is worth while discussing this phenomenon.

. It is no use speaking of it.

. It is no good arguing about this issue.

182. a: to mention, to remember, to suggest, to warrant, to need, to avoid, to recommend, to require, to justify. .

:

. The transfer to a slide for microscopic reading requires careful handling.

, . Other known deposits are too small to warrant processing.

. Beckmann avoided heating the lignin with acid.

. They rarely need renewing.

. Friedrich and Diwald recommended degumming the wood by extraction with dilute sodium hydroxide.

. to mention, to remember, to need, to require Perfect Gerund Indefinite Gerund. : mentioned reading it in the paper. I remember being asked about it.

183. . (. 255).

:

(: ) . ((Carrying out this reaction was hindered by the presence of admixtures.

400 . Passing alcohol and carbon disulfide vapors over catalysts at 400 gives a moderate yield of mercaptan.

. Substituting sulfur for nitrogen in compounds of the betain and choline types diminishes the physiological effect.


184. . - to be.

(: ). My favorite occupation is reading books.

, . The opposite of the lamp method is passing the hydrocarbon with hydrogen over the catalyst.

185. . . : + + + . , , , , , . , , : 1) ; 2) .

:

, (: ) , . The possibility of ethylene being converted into aromatic hydrocarbons is slight.

, , (: ). If the trap is too full, there is danger of acid being sucked into the system.

, . This result is a direct consequence of the activated complex being in equilibrium with the predominant forms of the reactants.

, 0, 89 , , 6, 1 . On the basis of the radius of the boron atom being 0, 89 A, the apparent electron affinity of boron trifluoride was calculated to be 6, 1 electron volts.

, , 22 600. The probability of this finding being due to chance is 1 in 22 600.

, , . Under onditions which lead to a significant


fraction of the ammonium cyanate being associated as ion-pairs, the treatment of the data should be different.

, , , 6- . The infrared spectrum of the lactouic material from these cyclisations showed absorption consistent with its having a six-membered lactone ring and a monosubstituted benzene ring.

, , . The reaction is initiated by becoming a radical, and G forming a bond.

44,5 88,5. Complete conversion will be indicated by the pH rising to 44.5 and failing to 88.5.

, - , . This may well take place extremely readily by the kation losing a proton to a molecule of solvent and being converted into tertiary amine.

, , - , 77,6% 39,2% . In addition to the rate of reaction being accelerated, the yield of ethylene chlorohydrin under such conditions is about doubled, being 77.6 per cent compared with 39.2 per cent for the untreated control.

, . The extraction process is only economic on the basis of uranium being a by-product of the superphosphate industry.

, R , , , R . Although Stevens suggested that R migrates with its bonding electrons, others have suggested that the above data are also consistent with H migrating without its bonding electrons.

, , . Davies h;'s shown that the salt effect upon the rate of the reaction is consistent with the reaction proceeding by the way of two activated complexes.

170 . Nitrobenzene cannot be heated above 170 with sulfuris acid without violent decomposition occurring-.

186. owing to, (to be) due to, to lead to, to result in.

. . JQ3


, , .

:

-, , . Ail these compounds resist alkaline hydrolysis, presumably owing to approach of the reagent being obstructed by the methyl group.

, . . - , . Little is known at present about steric facilitation, i. e. the facilitation of a reaction owing to its being accompanied by a decrease in the crowding together of atoms or groups.

, , , . It has been suggested that the initial phase is due to the organism having to secrete some essential growth substance into the medium before multiplication can take place.

H4N+ , , , 30+ , , , , NH2- , -. The H4N+ ion is at least as stable as H30+ and so the fact that ammonia is far less associated than water must be due to the anion NH2- being much less stable than OH-.

, , , . The high activity of tungsten has been shown by Kemball to be due to the activation energy of methane chemisorption on tungsten being far lower than on the other metals.

, , , = R = CuN1. Any deviation from ideality may be due either to the heat of dilution not being equal to zero, or the entropy of dilution not being given by = R = CuNi.

, - - , , . This leads to the carbon atoms in the ortho and para position becoming centers of greater electronic density and hence becoming activated towards kationic reagents.

. This new reaction mechanism has led to the yield having dropped.

, 6- , ,


- . A phenyl group attached to the 6-carbon atom, however, results in the malonic residue becoming attached to the p-carbon atom.

, , . The inability of phosphorus atoms to establish triple bonds among themselves results in the phosphorus molecule having a very different structure from the nitrogen molecule.

1. ( ), 's s' ( ).

:

, - , . No evidence has been found for any of these compounds' maintaining their configuration at the atom to which the metal is attached.

, . There are unmistakable proofs of Pauling's having been wrong.

, . We object to the authors' of this paper not referring to our paper.

- , - -4- , 4- . The trans-configuration was indicated by the compound's differing chro-matographically from cis-4-hydroxypipecolic acid prepared by hydrogenation of 4-hydroxypicolinic acid.

187. b e i n g. , to be (being, having been). .

:

. The life of these catalysts was usually short due to the resins (being) formed.

, . The convenience lies in the relatively few hours (being) required to produce the acid directly from the corresponding thiophene.

, ,

13* 195


. The crystal structure of tetramethylammonmm chloride is derived from that of ammonium chloride by a distortion which results from the larger volume (being) occupied by the tetramethy-lammouium ion.

, - . If this sample is heated there will be a strong ferromagnetism developed owing to the iron and magnetite (being) formed by disproportionation of the ferrous oxide.

( , ) . 7 view of the medium-sized lactone ring (being) present, confirmation of this formulation seemed desirable.

XI - , !. Compound XI was difficult to isolate on account of the small amount of it (being) present.

188. . (170187) . , ( ).

:

- . This process consists in treating acetone with a solution of sodium hypochlorite.= This process consists in treatment of acetone with a solution of sodium hypochlorite.

, . , -. :

, . There is no hope of our getting high yields in the near future. = There is no hope that we shall get high yields in the near future.

189. . : of, . . . , , , : *

1 . . , . . . . . ., 1961, . 109. 196


1. : The reading of scientific books is useful.

2. :

The readings of this device are quite correct.

3. of:

The reading of scientific books is useful.

4. :

This is a good reading.


1. : Reading scientific books is useful.

2. He : Reading technical magazines help him in his research work.

3. of ( ): Reading scientific books is useful.

4. : Reading scientific books regularly improves our know ledge.


M. . . , , , the coating of the fabric took ten hours coating the fabric took ten hours, the washing of glassware and the wiping of the bench are obligatory washing the glassware and wiping the bench are obligatory 1, .

190. . : . , (, . 1).

191. . (), . ( ), .

: 111 .

- -.

1 M. and L. Fieser. Op. cit., p. 3.


:

. The remaining admixtures were separated from the end product.

, , . The admixtures remaining in the end product were distilled off.

III -ed (), - -. :

. The isolated product was precipitated.

, () , . The articles published by this scientist are translated and reprinted abroad.

192. . III .

:

. Such mutual repulsions increase with increasing size of the atoms concerned.

. The recently discovered differing ratios of glucosamirie to galactosamine.

, . Increased solids contents decreased both density and surface area.

. Extensive further investigations by Wettstein led to the modified and improved synthesis.





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