.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


4




:

. The reaction did not start until the next morning.

1865 ., 1879 . The compound was prepared in 1865, although it was not recognized as a thiazole until 1879.

, , . The theoretical aspects of the phenomenon will not be treated until later.

: (. 262). :

1959 . It was not until 1959 that chemists succeeded in obtaining this compound.

. It has not been until very recently that the basic assumptions of this theory have been seriously called in question.

107. in terms of.

: 1) , 2) , , ; 3) ; 4) , .

, , , , . .

, . We obtained these values in terms of the following formula.

, , 軗 , , , , , , .


() . We can express these relationships in terms of the following formulas.

108. a to substitute substitution by for.

: to substitute by (, ) (, . .) , a to substitute for (, ) (, . .) . substitution by (, ) ; substitution for (-, ) .

:

. Hydrogen was substituted by oxygen. . Hydrogen was substituted for oxygen.

2- . The hydrogen atoms of the CH2 groups are substituted by the hydrocarbon group.

. Considerable disagreement exists regarding the extent of substitution of chlorine for hydrogen in given alkanes.

109. or. or () , . , , .

:

, 10000, , 2000 . It was shown that the velocity constant was unaffected in the formation of polymers of molecular weights up to 10 000, or by an increase in viscosity of the reaction mixture of over 2 000-fold.

, , . The use of an isotopic indicator or tracer often gives useful information as regards mechanism.

131


, () , , . Chemical kinetics, or reaction kinetics is the quantitative study of the rate at which chemical reactions occur.

110. for. , .

, . The data obtained cannot be regarded as evidence of the postulated reaction for the system is greatly complicated by other reactions.

111. provided, providing. provided (that), providing (that), , , . , -, , Present Indefinite, Present Perfect (. 117).

:

, , . This is the case providing the chain molecules are shortened.

, . This fact points to the postulated relationship provided (that) no inversion has taken place.

. III to provide, : to provide (for) , (), to provide with .

- . Raman spectra provide structural information even for large and complicated molecules.

112. both... and; and...both. ... .

:

, . Both normal paraffins and isoparaffins underwent exchange.

, - , . Aspargine and glutamine, the monoamide of a-amino-glutaric acid, both occur in germinating seeds.

, . Very low and very high gas rates both adversely affect the efficiency of separation.


113. either... . ... , ... , ... .

:

, . This acyl group has a greater migratory aptitude than either a primary alkyl group or a hydrogen atom.

, , , , -, . In any event, current theories either empirical, or electronic, appear to account for this result.

. either...... or ... .

, .

The isomerisation product was not either the diketone or the pyrazole.

114. whether...or (not). ... , + ( ) +.

:

, . This procedure is applicable whether the product is pure or contaminated.

, , . These polymers will be called linear whether the chain is open or closed.

, , . This should 'hold whether localized or mobile adsorption is assumed.

, , . The carbonium ion will be the same whether it was formed by the heterolysis of a halide or of an onium ion.

115. as + , . as (, ).

:

, - . Theory shows that the efficiency of separation in a gaschronaatographic column improves as the size of the sample is reduced)).


, -, . As condensation polymerization proceeds beyond the gel point the percentage of gel increases at the expense of the sol.

116. when, while, if-f- III , , . when, while, if + () + .

:

, . This must be taken into account when comparing data secured in the presence and in the absence of a catalyst.

, , IV, , XI. Also, we have found that IV, when reacting with boiling acetic anhydride, is converted smoothly to an anhydride XI.

. While agitating the mixture no temperature rise was observed to take place.

, , . As long as the barrier to internal rotation is not too low, the molecule will remain in one of these minima, while executing a torsional vibration around the equilibrium position.

, . While taking part in the discussion he advanced his famous theory.

when, while, if being , to be , .

:

, . When being pure, water is a colourless liquid. : When water is pure it is colourless liquid

being , :

when, while, if + (being) + when, while, if + (being) + ().


to be .

:

9- 80%- . When (being) refluxed for one hour in hydrobromic and acetic acid, the methyl ketone afforded 9-methyl-phenanthrene in 80% yield.

-. While (being) treated for several hours the compound turned dark red.

. If (being) properly carried out, microwave determination of dipole moment should be of considerable reliability.

. Many of the liquid esters decompose slowly if (being) kept at room temperature.

, -. When (being) in solution the compound was less reactive.

16 , . When (being) a young man of 16 Kekule synthesized this compound.

, ( ) . When (being) a liquid the substance was found to be heterogeneous.

. While (being) yet a boy he showed a great aptitude towards chemistry.

117. if, unless, provided (that), providing (that), until, till, once, as soon as, as long as, when, after, before.

. .

:

, . If the solution is successively treated with further quantities of the cation exchange resin a higher degree of conversion will be obtained.


, , . // the absolute solvent power fora particular component is low, the component will pass rapidly through the column and the separation may be poor unless the component differs widely in solubility from neighbouring constituents and the sample is extremely small.

, . This band is always weak and difficult to detect unless it is made stronger by external conjugation.

, , . We can deliver the equipment in January provided (that) we receive your order within the next ten days.

, , . This is the case providing the chain molecules are shortened.

, . Unless the drop size is very small, the micelles will initiate the polymerization.

, . Until the solution is acid.

. Until all organic matter has burned away.

. Once the particle is inside the nucleus.

, - - . After the reaction has proceeded for a certain t me, a certain number of the OH groups and an equal number of the COOH groups will have reacted and a certain number of chains of various length have been formed.


 


118. and, or, but. , and, or, but ( ) . , to be, , , . to, , , . .


:

. We use water for cleaning things or washing our hands.

. She was ill and lying in bed the whole day.

VI , . The regular method for cyclizing the keto ester VI consists in removing the ester group by hydrolysis, reducing the ketone and effecting a cyclodehydration of the alcohol.

. The second class gives dimolecular and polymolecular products and no monomolecu-lar products.

. Formaldehyde may be determined by addition of excess bisulfite to its solution and titra-ring.

- , 105 . The hydrocarbon n-heptacontane has been synthesized and found to have the melting point 105 and to be distillable in high vacuum.

(, , ) . Compared with succinic and glutaric anhydrides (known to be monomeric) this compound showed a diminished solubility and ability to crystallize.

, , , , , . If, therefore, correct hydrogen, but low carbon results are obtained, the combustion technique may require modification.

. , , . , , . :

, . Ethyl benzoate, salicyl-aldehyde, and salicylic acid undergo bromomethylation. . . , . X. . . . These data were presented by A. N. Nesmeyanov, R. Kh. Freidlina, and L. I. Zakharkin.


119. 1

 

1-12 13-19 20-90 100
1 one 13 thirteen 20 twenty 100 a hundred
2 two 14 fourteen 21 twenty-one 101 a (one) hundred and one
3 three 15 fifteen 22 twenty-two 102 a (one) hundred and two
4 four 16 sixteen   . .
5 five 17 seventeen 30 thirty 200 two hundred
6 six 18 eighteen 40 forty 300 three hundred
7 seven 19 nineteen 50 fifty 400 four hundred . .
8 eight   60 sixty 1,000 a thousand
9 nine   70 seventy 1,001 a (one) thousand and
10 ten   80 eighty one
11 eleven 12 twelve   90 ninety 1,250 a (one) thousand two hundred and fifty
      2,000 two thousand
      2,001 two thousand and one
      2,235 two thousand two hun-
      dred and thirty-five
      3,000 three thousand
      4,000 four thousand . .
      100,000 a (one) hundred
      thousand
      1,000,000 a million
      4,000,000 four million
      1, 000, 000, OOOa milliard, a (one)
      thousand million ( );
      a billion ( )

, : 1) 13 19 -teen. : four fourteen, six sixteen. three, five : three thirteen, five fifteen;

2) , , -ty. : six sixty, seven seventy. two, three, four five : two twenty, three thirty, four forty, five fifty. forty ( fourteen);

3) (.) : twenty-one, thirty-five;

1 . . . , . . . , ., 2.


4) hundred, thousand, million , : a hundred, a thousand, a million (. 4). , one;

5) hundred, thousand, million -s, , , : two hundred, three thousand, four million. : three million people=three millions of people;

6) ( , ) and. :

375 three hundred and seventy-five 406 four hundred and six 2,075 two thousand and seventy-five 4,007 four thousand and seven

1,229,378 one million two hundred and twenty nine thousand three hundred and seventy eight;

7) ( ) : 2,075; 4,007; 1,279,378.

II 1. hundred, thousand, million , -s , of. : hundreds of thousands of ball bearings .

2. of ( ). : two hundred compounds, three thousand samples. ( . . 5).

3. , (, ), . : twenty-one days, two hundred and fifty-one books.

4. : , , ( . .) : two of my experiments, seven of their samples, three of his coworkers ( : two my experiments). , , . ., my two experiments, their seven samples, his three coworkers.


5. , , , , 1,500; 2,400; 12,200 1500, 2400, 12200.

6. , , , , , . . : 50 g. of chromic anhydride was added in 5-g. portions, 2 ml. of boron fluoride etherate was added by drops. Two grams of sodium carbonate suffices for neutralisation.

120. 1.

.

1. pound pound sterling £ ( libra ), : £ 1 (: one pound one pound sterling); £ 25 (: twenty-five pounds twenty-five pounds sterling).

. sterling , , , pound (s). 25 25 pounds sterling ( 25 pounds of sterlings).

2. shilling (/2 ) s, : Is (: one shilling); 12s (: twelve shillings). ( ) , . : 12/, 18/.

3. penny (12 ) d ( denarius ), : Id (: one penny); 6d ( sixpence). , . :

-/1, ~/7-

.

: twopence, sevenpence, elevenpence.

4. , , , , : £ 25 12 s. 8d; 25.12.8;

1 . . . , . . . , ., 3. 140


25/12/8; 25: 12: 8; 25-12-8 (: twenty-five pounds twelve shillings and eight-pence twenty-five pounds twelve and eight).

5. dollar , . : $ 1 (: one dollar); $ 25 (: twenty-five dollars). , , ( ). : $ 1,00; $ 25,00.

6. cent (Vioo ) 0. : 1 $ (: one cent);65- (: sixty-five cents). : $. 12,$, 50.

121.

 

one (the) first(lst) sixteen (the) sixteenth
two (the) second(2nd) seventeen (the) seventeenth
three (the) third(Srd) eighteen (the) eighteenth
four (the) fourth(4th) nineteen (the) nineteenth
five (the) fifth twenty (the) twentieth
six (the) sixth thirty (the) thirtieth
seven (the) seventh forty (the) fortieth
eight (the) eighth fifty (the) fiftieth
nine (the) ninth sixty (the) sixtieth
ten (the) tenth seventy (the) seventieth
eleven (the) eleventh eighty (the) eightieth
twelve (the) twelfth ninety (the) ninetieth
thirteen (the) thirteenth hundred (the) hundredth
fourteen (the) fourteenth thousand (the) thousandth
fifteen (the) fifteenth million (the) millionth
    billion the) billionth
    milliard (the) milliardth

, 1) , (the first, the second, the third), -th, . : six , the sixth ;





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