some time or other -
to keep in touch with ;
toward this end in view
of use ,
of value
by (in) virtue of , ,
for want of - , -
by way of , , , ,
to be under way 1) () ; 2)
40. : number, few, little, people, .
Number.
number : the number ; a number .
</ , . The number of scientists partaking in the conference.
. A number of scientists have confirmed this suggestion.
. It is necessary to observe a number of precautions.
, . It will be found that the choice involves a number of compromises.
, number , number .
. A great number of scientists.
. This was due to the unavailability of a sufficient number of pure isomers.
, . It is important to observe that each electronic state can be associated with a large number of vibrational and rotational states.
. Aromatic compounds give rise to a great number of very sharp characteristic bands.
Few, [little.
few little.
a few, a little -, , , , few, little -.
:
. There are a few interesting papers dealing with this subject.
. There are few interesting papers dealing with this subject.
( ). In this case only a few points (two or three) were measured for each reaction.
, . So far as the authors know, few attempts have been made to modify the structure.
. Few data have been reported on the influence of substituents on the intensity or position of these modes.
. There are few virus particles in the cell in the first half of the latent period.
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. 4 little attention is given, however, to minor deviations from normal practice.
. Quinolines have been little studied.
. Very little published information is available.
. Little is known at present about steric facilitation of the reaction.
, . There can be little doubt, that the sequence shown is correct.
, -. Electrolytic reduction is of little practical value except for the production of amino-phenols.
, . The vinyl ether monomers of a number of other substituted aliphatic alcohols have been prepared, but little has been reported on their homopolymerisation.
People.
people .
:
. There were many people in the street.
people :
. The Russian people has achieved great successes in science.
. The peoples of many countries are building Socialism.
41. , . , .
The problem of keeping a grinding operation going at full load with feed of variable size and hardness, and still produce a grind with consistent screen analysis has been solved by a closed circuit system under full automatic control. An outstanding example of the controlled closed circuit system has been in use since early 1959 in a large eastern iron ore mine. Automatic controls for the installation were designed in cooperation with the customer's engineers and built by Trans-Wiegh Company, Pennsylvania. The installation includes four closed circuit grinding lines regulated by individual control systems, plus separate Belt-Meter units that measure and record total tonnages of plant output iron concentrates and pyrites *.
Effect of Interstitial Gases
One proposal for the mechanism of initiation of detonation involves grain burning started by means of the compressional heating of interstitial gases in the pressing. Compression may be considered
1 Canadian Mining Journal, May 1961, p. 77.
. . 81
to take place by a single shock along the Hugoniot, by a series of compressions along a curve approximating anadiabat, or even by means of a clearcut shock reflection. Regardless of these details, the temperature can be altered at least 500 by choosing gases with widely different hydrodynamic and thermodynamic properties. In order to achieve extremes in this sort of behavior, we have evacuated wedges and replaced the air either with argon, to produce high gas temperatures, or with methane, to produce low gas temperatures. The results of these tests are shown in Fig. 6; the fact that these depths of initiation agree withinexperimental error with the values for air is taken as strong indication that the temperature of the inter-stital gas has nothing to do with the mechanism of initiation. Temperature differences of several hundred degrees would have a profound effect on the rate of grain burning or on the rate of chemical reaction if such temperature changes could be brought to bear on these processes. It is possible that a change in efficiency of //zeheat transfer process compensates for the change in temperature when different gases are used.
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An experiment was also performed in which the pressure of the interstitial air was reduced to the range between 50100. The temperature of the compressed residual air in this case was not much different from that achieved at normal density, but the total amount of energy available for transfer from gas to PETN was lowered by a factor of about 10*. This low-pressure shot is also shown in Fig. 6, and again demonstrates that the interstitial gases did not affect the initiation process .
The Elastomer Section
For this discussion, static compression stress or static shear stress can be considered the stress which is exerted on the elastomer by normal rated torque delivery. Dynamic stress is that which is produced by cyclical forces or excitations originating from the power source or driven unit, or by excursions caused when misalignment is accommodated by the coupling.
Static stress, if held to practical limits, is not the major criterion for determining service life of the elastomer. Fatigue life of elastomers is a function of the severity and frequency of dynamic strain. Important, too, in obtaining maximum service life, is prevention of a return to zero strain once the initial strain due to normal operation is applied. When possible, the coupling design should permit static strain large enough to avoid a return to zero strain during deflection in the elastomer due to dynamic operation.
Selection of a specific elastomer to perform the specific duties must include consideration of many factors. There is no one material which will satisfy all requirements in all applications. Good fatigue
1 Journal of Applied Physics, June 1961, p. 1097. 82
life, extreme-temperature resistance, and inherent damping are properties which can be built-in to an elastomer when required!.
Determination of Real-Gas Stagnation Temperature Based on Mass-Flow Consideration
One of the major problems encountered in the operation of high-enthalpy test facilities is the determination of high stagnation temperatures (T = 4,000 R). Since these temperatures normally exceed the capabilities of available thermocouples, it is often necessary to resort to one of the various optical methods such as pyromeiry or the sodium-line reversal technique for the determination of these temperatures. A method has been presented whereby real-gas stagnation properties in a high-enthalpy system can be determined if the mass-flow rate through the system and the stagnation pressure are known. In the present analysis, this method was applied to determine stagnation temperature for stagnation pressures ranging from 100 to 1,000 atm. Nitrogen is considered to be the flow medium and the expansion of the gas from the stagnation chamber is assumed to be an isentropic and steady-state process. The maximum temperature dealt with (5,000 R) was low enough so that the gas remained in an imdissociated state; however, the method may be extended to other gases which may or may not be dissociated, provided the thormodynarnic properties of the gas in the desired pressure and temperature range are known.
A one-dimensional analysis of the flow is used to evaluate the mass flow per unit area at the throat of a nozzle for various stagnation pressures and temperatures. The evaluation of mass flow per unit area at the throat of a nozzle is a trial-and-error procedure and was performed in the following manner. Starting with an assumed stagnation pressure and temperature, an initial value of stagnation entropy was obtained from published data. The flow in the system was expanded by reducing the stagnation temperature at a constant value of stagnation entropy. At each assumed temperature the values of pressure, density, and enthalpy were obtained from Ref. 2 or 3; the velocity at each point was calculated from the energy equation.
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The result of the analysis is presented in Fig. 1, wherein mass flow per unit throat area is plotted against stagnation temperature. The dashed lines represent ideal-gas calculations. The spread between the ideal-gas and real-gas curves becomes larger as the stagnation pressure is increased. It may be seen from Fig. 1 that a significant error in stagnation temperature could result by using the ideal-gas relationship 2.
1 Design, September 1961, p. 155.
2 Journal of Aerospace Science, 1961, p. 742.
42. -(e)s, , 1.
| , | , | |||
| -S | an alloy | alloys | ||
| -S | [s] | a tank | tanks | |
| - s, s, , ss, z, , - [s], [z], [ks], sh, ch, ge, [S], ]tS], | -es | [iz] | a process a case an inch | processes cases inches |
| , - - | -es ( i) | [iz] | a country | countries |
| , - - | -S | [z] | a ray | rays |
| , - | -es | [z] | a hero | heroes |
| , - f fe | -s -es ( f v) | [z] | life a shelf | lives shelves |
43. -is, -ies, -ics, -us . , , , , : abscissaabscissae, addendumaddenda, analysisanalyses, apsisapsises, aquariumaquaria, axisaxes, bacillusbacilli, bacteriumbacteria, basisbases, corpuscorpora, corrigendumcorrigenda, craniumcrania, crematoriumcrematoria, datumdata, emphasisemphases,erratumerrata, exordium-exordia, formula formulae, fungusfungi,.geniusgenii, genusgenera, gladiolus gladioli, hippopotamushippopotami, hydrolysishydrolyses, hypothesishypotheses, interregnuminterregna, lacunalacunae, maximummaxima, mediummedia, memorandummemoranda,
1 . . . , . . . . ., 1961, . 16.
metamorphosismetamorphoses, milleniummillenia, minimum minima, neurosisneuroses, nucleusnuclei, oasisoases, octopus octopodes, opusopera, phenomenonphenomena, quantum quanta, radiusradii, rostrumrostra, spatulaspatulae, spectrumspectra, stimulusstimuli, stratumstrata, streptococcus-streptococci, symposiumsymposia, synthesissyntheses, terminustermini, thesis theses, ultimatum ultimata, vacuum vacua.
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1. , : abscissas, aquariums, bacilluses, craniums, crematoriums, cri-terions, dogmas, formulas, funguses, geniuses, genuses, gladioluses, hyppopotamuses, interregnums, lacunas, maximums, mediums, memorandums, minimums, nucleuses, octopuses, radiuses, spectrums, symposiums, terminuses, ultimatums, vacuums.
, . , , . formulas formulae, - , . , , aquaria , a aquariums , genii , a geniuses , indices , a indexes , media (.) (), a mediums ().
2. , : dilemma-dilemmas, exit-exits, rhinoceros-rhinoceroses, syllabus-syllabuses, virus-viruses. apparatus (apparatus), apparatuses.
3. , -s, . : economics, mathematics, physics, optics, acoustics, linguistics, phonetics.
. Mathematics forms the basis of many other sciences.
1 L. and M. Fieser. Op. cit., p. 19.
4. analysis-analyses, alcoholysis-alcoholyses, hydrolysis-hydrolyses, synthesis-syntheses, etc. [sis], [si: z].
44. : goods (, ), clothes (), stairs (), arms (), riches (, ), proceeds (), wages ( ), oats () .
45. export, import , , , . exports, imports , , .
1:
. Soviet exports to the United Kingdom as well as Soviet imports from that country have greatly increased.
, export import ( exportation importation). :
() () . That organisation is engaged in the export and import of different machines.
46. means, works, series, species, apparatus, kinetics .
:
, , 5. Means of avoiding this particular difficulty have already been discussed in Chapter 5.
. Studies on the artificially produced induction period have provided a powerful means of investigating the initiation and termination reactions.
1963 . . A new glass works has been built in 1963.
. There are two brick works outside the town.
. The halobenzenes should form a splendid series of compounds.
. A series of concentric rings of varying intensity.
. Seven species of fish and eight species of birds.
, , , . This doubtless means that the species produced by the reversible oxidation or reduction at the dropping electrode is not in true equilibrium with the solution.
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. Bell and coworkers have studied the kinetics of the hydration of acetaldehyde.
47. -n a iron, copper, heat, friendship advice, information, progress, knowledge .
:
. gave me some good advice.
. We have little information on this subject.
. They were satisfied with their progress in this new branch of chemical science.
, , carbon, nickel, iron, copper .
:
. Two more carbons were linked to the molecule.
money, hair, fruit, vacation , hair fruit : hairs (), fruits ( ).
48. . : (The Common Case) (The Possessive Case), .
, (? ?), (? ?) (? ?). (. 1). , ( ? ?) .
:
. The teacher showed the students a diagram.
d- D- (). The succession of d- and D-linkages may give the chain a spiral twist.
, to. : The teacher showed a diagram to the students.
49. p ( ) 's (') , -s.
:
. This engineer's design is good.
. These engineers' work is of great practical importance.
-s -, , , 's, .
:
Marx's (Marx') teaching; Dickens's (Dickens') works.
, . , :
1) (: the plane's engines); 2) , , world, country, city, ship.
3) (: an hour's work; yesterday's newspaper; two mile's distance; at a kilometre's distance).
,
(, . .).
:
in the coarse of a year's operation.
. After a week's rest the rabbit may be given a second dose of vitamins and bled again.
, --. Such a formula accounts for Reissert''s observation, which we have confirmed, that m-nitroaniline is formed during the test.
(22). Barrett's intuitive equation is somewhat different from Eq. (22).
, . Wurtz's researches led to a new reaction which still bears his name.
, . This method later became known as the Bedermann synthesis, but the latter's only refinement was in changing the hydrogen atmosphere to carbon dioxide.
- , -. Virasoro's ester quebracho lignin was a light brown powder, soluble in dioxane.
. Pichler's hypothesis is not a unique explanation of the observed results.
, . Fiend's textbook on inorganic chemistry.
. (. 50), .
:
, , . The mechanism of the rearrangement that takes place in the Hofmann reaction has been the subject of much discussion.
() , . . . Lactams with large rings can be obtained by 0. Wallach's method, the Beckmann rearrangement 'of cyclic ketones.
50. . of, . : the teacher's question = the question of the teacher; the worker's tools = the tools of the worker.
; of. , : he is my sister's husband's father is the father of my sister's husband.
, of.
:
. We shall pass on to the discussion of the nature of the main elementary steps of this reaction.
. The thermometer indicates the temperature of the distilling vapor of the block.
. : an iron bridge; cane sugar; a payment agreement; the cotton market; tin trade; pig iron production.
, . .
: home market prices; meat price decrease; cotton yarn production figures; the Moscow Region State Farm Horse Exhibition; cold weather operation of the machine; power supply; inlet pressure; bend resistance; 30 a thirty page booklet; 19GO . the 1960 sports season; Analogue computers (Continuous action computers); 闫scientific weather observations; alternating current transformers;
