.
( ). (, , ). , , , . () :
+( ), 3+, 52+; 73+; 94+.
1- : D1 = 900 /;
D2 = 250 /.
:
+ + Û
. 10 . . , . ( ) . , ( ).
1 Û + + 1
NaOH Û Na+ +
, .
:
+ + A
= ;
:
Me ()n Me ()+n-1 + OH
b =
b, .
, :
2) ;
2) , (NH3, C5H5N), . , .
.
, . , , .
, :
2 + 2 3+ +
3+ - , .
:
= = 3,24×1018
.. 1 1000 , [2] = 1000/ / 18/ = 55,55 /,
[3+][] = 3,24×10-18 ×55,552 = 10-14 W.
:
2 + +
= = 1,86×1016
[+][] = 1,86×1016×55,55 = 10-14
: , ..
:
BS + BS B2S+ + S, B2S+ - , S - .
=
×[BS]2 = [B2S+][S] = S ().
, :
3 + 3 32+ + 3
=
[32+][3] = [3]2 = S
1,25
[3] = (1000×d)/M(C3) = 800/32 = 25 /
S(3) = [32+][3] = 1015,6
|
|
s = 15,6
:
7,8 .
:
25 + 25 252+ + 25
S = [252+][ 25] = 1019
s = 19
:
9,5 .
():
3 + 3 32+ + 3
S = [32+][ 3] = 1012,6
:
:
NH3 + NH3 NH4+ + NH2
S = [NH4+][NH2] = 1032,3
s = 32,3
, , 2 :
S + HA H2S + A
HS + HA H2A+ + S
: ( ):
14 + 3 32+ + 14
, , :
, :
25 + 1 252+ + 1
252+ + 2 3+ + 25 .
.. , .
.
, , , , , .
2 + 2 3+ +
-
( ) , (-) .
: , .. . , .
, :
3 + 2 3+ + 3
.
3 + 14 32+ + 14
NH3 + H2O NH4+ +
:
65 65 + +
: 24 + + 42
: NH4+ NH3 + H+
:
[1(2)6]3+ [1(2)5]2+ + +
.. + . , , .. .
[Ti(2)6]4+ > [1(2)6]3+ > [(2)6]2+
- . , .. 1()3, ..
, NaHCO3:
3 + 2 32 + 3+ (1)
= = 4,8×1011 =
3 + 2 23 + (2)
= = 2,2×108 = b
.. b >> , - , (2), NaHCO3 >7.
.
|
|
:
3 3 + +
3 + 2 3 + 3+
=
3 + 2 3 +
b =
:
×b = = [3+][]
.. ×b = W ( )
×b = S ( )
.. b .
.
1) b , (3) = 1,75×105.
3 + 2 3 + 3+
×b = S ( W)
b = (3) = W/ = 1014/1,75×105 = 5,6×1010
2) : AI = 2,33; AII = 7,21;
AIII = 11,67. , .
:
×b = W, :
lg + lgb = lgW ½×(1)
lg lgb = lgW
+ b = W
+ b = 14
b = 14
I : 34 24 + +
b (24) = 14 = 14 2,33 = 11,67
II : 24 42 + +
b (42) = 14 7,21 = 6,79
III : 42 43 + +
b (43) = 14 11,67 = 2,33
.. . , .
, 4 : b , - b -.
, :
,S: 3 + + 3 (-)
b,S: 3 + + 32+ (-)
b -: 3 + + 3
-: 32+ 3 + +