, .
, . ( ):
+ + - + = 3+ + -
3+ - .
; = 1,86∙10-16.
.
[+][-]= KW = K[]; [HOH] = 1000/18 =55,5 /.
[+][-]= 1,86∙10-16 ∙55,5=10-14.
[+][-]= 10-14
lg[H+] + lg[-] = -14
-lg[H+] - lg[-] = 14
, , . .
+ = 14.
, , [H+] = [-].
[+] = [-] = 10-7; [H+]2 = 10-14; [H+] = 10-7 = 7.
. , .
. = 7.
.. .
, , 14. , . < 0, > 14.
2 25 252+ + 25-
- -
= .
[252+][25-] = 10-19.
[252+] = [25-] =
0______ _____9,5____ ______19.
,
2 NH3 .
KS = 10-33
0______ _____16,5____ ______33.
10. . . .
, , . , , .. . , . , .
, , ::
- - (3 3Na). ;
- NH4OH NH4Cl - ;
- NaH2PO4 Na2HPO4 - .
, + , . , - .
|
|
, (1, H2SO4, HNO3), , :
CH3COONa + HC1 Þ3 + NaCl
3 + + Þ3
(1 H2SO4) , .
(NaOH, ) : >
3 + NaOH Þ CH3COONa + 2
+ + Þ 2
+, .
.
:
NH4OH + HNO3 Þ NH4NO3 + H2O
+ + Þ 2
(NaOH, KOH) NH4OH:
NH41 + NaOH Þ NH4OH + NaC1
NH4+ + Þ NH4OH
. - , 1 , .
, . . , . . , 10 .
. , . . , , .
.
, , . , Ni2+ ( ) = 5.