39 . . .
21. , . .
45 . . , .
7.6. : - , , - .
7.7. :
:
7.7.1. . . .. .: , 2006. . 291-314.
7.7.2. .. . : .. -, 2007. . 369-389.
7.7.3. . . . .. , 2004. . 220-227.
7.7.4. .. ( ). : , 2009. . 63-71.
7.7.5. . .. 2- . .: , 2001. .1. .234-242.
7.7.6. Ққ .Ө., ұ Ұ.Ә. қ-қ ң -ққ ө. : , 2012. 112 .
:
7.7.7. .., .. . . -- . 2002. . 106-116.
7.7.8. ( ). . . .. ., 2004. . 68-83.
7.7.9. : /... .. .-.: -, 2012..704-725.
7.7.10. .., .. . , 2005.260 .
7.7.11. : . / ., . -, . : . . . . ; . . . . . ., -, 2010. . 355-363.
7.7.12. . . . .: -, 2006. . 81-109.
7.8. :
7.8.1. .
7.8.2. :
7.8.2.1. .
7.8.2.2. .
7.8.2.3. ?
7.8.2.4. -, -, ?
7.8.2.5. ?
7.8.2.6. ?
:
| , , | ң ққ үң қң ұ қ қ ң қ ұқ қ ө | Congenital malformations - persistent morphological and functional changes of organs resulting from early ontogenetic development disorders |
| , () | ң (ң) құ қң ұ ң ққ | Gametopathies - congenital malformations caused by damage of structure and function of reproductive sells (gametes) |
| , | ұқң ң ұ ә ң ққ | Blastopathies - congenital malformations caused by damage of embryo development at the stage of blastula |
| - , | қ ұқң ң ұ ққ | Embryopathies - congenital malformations caused by damage of embryo development at the embryonic stage |
| - , () | ә (қ) ң ұ ққ үң ұ ққ | Fetopathies congenital malformations caused by damage of organ development which was initially well-formed |
| , | қғ ү ң ққ | Isolated congenital malformations occurred in a single organ |
| , | ү ү ң ққ | Systematic congenital malformations occurred in a single system |
| ө ә ө ү ң ққ | Multiple congenital malformations of two or more organs | |
| ққң ә ү | Teratogenesis process of arising and development of congenital malformations | |
| , | қ ұ, ң ққ қ | Teratogens environmental factors which interfere with normal ontogenetic development followed by emergence of congenital malformations |
| , () | ққң ә () ғ | Teratology science studying causes and mechanisms of congenital malformations development |
| iiң | Atresia - congenital absence of natural body orifice | |
| - | - қң | Stenosis narrowing of orifice |
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