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, , .

: - 1 , - 1 , - (, , - ). . , .

, , - 1 = 101325 . , , , 298 (25).

, , : D H f; D Ho ; D U . .

( = 1 = 0 .= 273 ).

 

 

, . : , . ( ). , , , , .

, :

() + 1/2 2 () = CO () + D Hr;

D Hr = -110, 54 /

 

1840- .. .. , " ":

- , , .

 

:

1. , - .

2. , .

3. .

, (NH4Claq) (aq) :

I. 1) NH3() + aq = NH3aq + D H 1 (D H 1 = -34,936 /);

2) HCl() + aq = HClaq + D H 2 (D H 2 = -72,457 /);

3) NH3aq + HClaq = NH4Claq + D H 3 (D H 3 = -51,338 /);

D H = D H 1 + D H 2 + D H 3 = -34,936 -72,457 -51,338 =

= -158, 749 /

 

II. 1) NH3() + HCl() = NH4Cl() + D H 4 (D H 4 = -175,100 /);

2) NH4Cl() + aq = NH4Claq + D H 5 (D H 5 = + 16,393 /);

D H = D H 4 + D H 5 = -175,100 + 16,393 = -158,707 /.

, , I, , II ( 0,42 /, 0,026 % , ).

. 2 :

I. () + 2 () = 2 () + D 1 (D 1 = -393,505 /);

 

II. C(T) + 1/2 O2 () = CO() + D H 2 (D H 2 = -110,541 /);

CO() + 1/2 O2 () = 2 () + D 3 (D 3 = -282,964 /);

D H = D H 2 + D H 3 = -110,541 + (-282,964) = -393,505 /.

 

:

 

 


. 2.1.

2.

 

, , , , , , .

, - , , , () + 1/2 O2 () = ()). .

1 ( - ): , .

, ()

Ca3 (T) = O2 () + CaO() + D 1

+ 178,23 /. 3 2 :

CaO (T) + C2 (T) = Ca3 (T) + D H 2 (D H 2 = -178,23 /).

2 : , , .

, :

() + 2 = CO2 - 393,51 /

() + 2 = CO2 - 395,39 /

:

() () + D H

D H = -393,51 - (-395,39) = +1,88 /

3 : , , .

, :

() + 2 CO2 - 393,505 /

CO + 1/2 O2 CO2 - 282,964 /

() + 1/2 O2 CO + D Hr

D Hr = -393,505 - (-282,964) = -110,541 /.

4 : ( ):

D Hr = å (n i D Hf i ) - å (n i D Hf i)

,

3() + 25() = 325() + 2() + D Hr

:

D Hr = (D Hf 325 + D Hf 2) - (D Hf 3 + D Hf 25) =

= (-479,03 -285,83) - (-484,09 -276,98) = -3,79 ..

5 : ( ):

D Hr = å (n i D Hc i ) - å (n i D Hc i)

, , ,

:

D Hr = (D H 3 + D H 25) - (D H 325 + D H 2)=

= (-874,58 -1370,68) - (-2246,39 -0) = -1,13 .

( ).





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