- , . , , . , , . :
, , .
: , .
.. 1842 ., 1845 . .. .
( ) . , , , . , .
, . .
D U = Q - w,
:
1. D U = U 2 - U 1 - Q w, .
( D , , , , ). :
dU = d Q - d w
( d - , d - ).
1- , . :
2. .
.. Q = 0 w = 0
U = const D U = 0
3. , .
.. w = 0
D U = Q
, QV, (, , ), :
QV = D U.
4. , .
|
|
.. Q = 0
D U = - w w = - D U
, 1- , , .
, , , , . - , :
w = D V.
D U = Q - D V
Q = D U + D V
( , ). , :
Qp = U 2 - U 1 + p (V 2 - V 1)
Qp = (U 2 + pV 2) - (U 1 + pV 1)
Qp = (U + pV) 2 - (U + pV) 1 = H 2 - H 1
p V - , U - , U + V = . á. , , , , :
Qp = D H.
,
D = D U + D nRT D U = D - D nRT,
-
pV = nRT, p D V = D nRT.
D , . . - /.
, , , . - .
2
2.1. ,
- , . ( ).
( ), ( ); .