, (. . , , ) , , , . , , . (. 3.2.) . , 1 > 1, , . , , 1 K < 1, , . ΔG0, -30/ 30/ ΔG0 . . , 105 105. , , . > 1105, , K < 1105 .
:
Pbl2() + 2KI ⇄PbI2() + 2l
PbCI2() + 2++2I-⇄PbI2() + 2++ 2Cl-
PbCl2() + 2I-⇄PbI2() + 2Cl- (1)
, , . .
= (PbCl2)/(PbI2)
, ( , , , . 3.2.). . .
=[Cl-]2/[I-]2. [Pb2+]
= [Pb2+][Cl-]2/[Pb2+][I-]2 . (1)
= (PbCl2)/(PbI2)==2,4·10-4/8,7·10-9 =2,7·104
> 1, 1105, PbCI2 KI. Pb2+. , .
, . + : . (MA) = (MB) . (MA) > (MB) . , , (.. ) .
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, . :
) AgI, AgCl; ) CaSO4, BaSO4; ) Ag2CrO4, Ag2CO3; ) PbCl2, PbI2, ) Ca3(PO4)2, Ba3(PO4)2,Mg3(PO4)2.
:
) ;
) - ;
) . , .. . (. 10.3.), , .. .
AgCl() ⇄ Ag+ + Cl ( -) (AgCl) = 1,6 . 1010
[Ag(NH3)2] + ⇄ Ag+ + 2NH3
.[Ag(NH3)2]+ = [Ag+]. [NH3]2 /[[Ag(NH3)2]+] =5,89.108
AgCl.↓ + 2NH3 ↔ [Ag(NH3)2] Cl
AgCl.↓ + 2NH3 ↔ [Ag(NH3)2]+p-p + Cl (2)
, , . .
= (AgCl)/ .[Ag(NH3)2]+
, ( , , ). . .
= [[Ag(NH3)2]+] .[Cl ] / [NH3]2. [Ag+]
= [[Ag(NH3)2]+] .[Cl ] . [Ag+] /[NH3]2 [Ag+]
(AgCl) = [Ag+].[Cl ]
.[Ag(NH3)2]+ = [Ag+]. [NH3]2 / [[Ag(NH3)2]+]
= (AgCl)/ .[Ag(NH3)2]+ = 1,6 . 1010 /5,89.108 = 2,6.103
K < 1, K > 1105, AgCl , [Ag(NH3)2]+ AgCl . Ag +.
) - . , , . +. .
1. .
1. , :
CaC2O4() ↔ Ca2+ + C2O42( -);
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(CaC2O4) = 2,3109
, :
I.H2C2O4 ↔ H+ + C2O4;
K1(H2C2O4) =[ H+ ] ∙[ C2O4]/[ H2C2O4]=5,4 ∙10-2
II. C2O4 ↔ H+ + C2O42;
K2(H2C2O4) = [ H+ ] ∙[ C2O42-]/[ C2O4]=5,4 ∙10-5
:
H2C2O4 ↔ 2H+ + C2O42-;
:
K1(H2C2O4) ∙ K2(H2C2O4) =[ H+]2 ∙[ C2O42-]/[ H2C2O4]
2.
CaC2O4() + 2HCl ⇄ CaCl2 + H2C2O4
CaC2O4() + 2H++ 2Cl- ⇄ Ca2+ + 2Cl-+ H2C2O4
CaC2O4() + 2H+ ⇄ Ca2+ + H2C2O4 (3)
= (CaC2O4) / K1(H2C2O4) ∙ K2(H2C2O4)
3. (3)
= [ C2O4] ∙[ Ca2+ ] /[ H+]2
[ C2O42-]
= [ C2O4] ∙[ Ca2+ ] ∙[ C2O42-] /[ H+]2∙[ C2O42] = (CaC2O4) / K1(H2C2O4) ∙ K2(H2C2O4) = 2,3109/ 5,4 ∙10-25,4 ∙10-5 =7,7 10-4
K< 1 1105 , . in vitro .
2.
1. , , :
CaC2O4() ↔ Ca2+ + C2O42 ( -);
(CaC2O4) = 2,3109
I.H2C2O4 ↔ H+ + C2O4; K1(H2C2O4) = 5,4 ∙10-2
II. C2O4 ↔ H+ + C2O42; K2(H2C2O4) = 5,4 ∙10-5
:
H2C2O4 ↔ 2H+ + C2O42-;
:
K1(H2C2O4) ∙ K2(H2C2O4) =[ H+]2 ∙[ C2O42-]/[ H2C2O4]
CH3COOH ↔ H+ + CH3COO;
K(CH3COOH) = [H+] ∙[CH3COO-]/[ CH3COOH]=1,74105
2. .
CaC2O4() + 2CH3COOH ⇄ Ca(CH3COO)2 + H2C2O4
CaC2O4() + 2CH3COOH ⇄ Ca2+ +2 CH3COO + H2C2O4
3. . , 2. ,
= (CaC2O4)∙2(CH3COOH) / K1(H2C2O4) ∙ K2(H2C2O4) =
2,3109∙(1,74 ∙ 10-5)2 / 5,4 ∙10-2 ∙ 5,4 ∙10-5=2,4 ∙ 10-13
K < 1 K < 1105 , .
1 2 ; - C2O42; Ca2+ H+
VII
()
1. 3(4)2
1)
2)
3)
4)
2.
1) AgJ 2) AgF 3) AgCl 4) AgBr
3. 1()3 :
1) = [Al3+]×[OH-]3
2) = [Al3+]×3[OH-]
3) = [Al]3+ + 3[OH]-
4) = [Al3+] + [OH-]3
4.
1) ()2 2) Ba(NO3)2 3) BaCl2 4) BaSO4
5. Hg3(PO4)2
1)
2)
3)
4)
6. aSO4
1) 6×10-7 2) 5×10-3 3) 5,5×10-8 4) 3,2×10-6
7. , < :
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1) 젠
2)
3) 젠
4)
8.
1) 젠
2)
3) 젠
4)
9. ,
1) 10-16 2) 10-30 3) 10-25 4) 10-39
10. 0,001 / 0,02 / .
1) 2) 3) 4)
11. AgCl - 10 0,01 / 5 0,1 / l
1) 2) 3) 4)
12. (-/) - ࠠ
1) 2) 3) 4)
13. FeS . -
1) 2) 3) 4)
14. 2+
1) CaF2 2) CaC2O4 3) CaCO3 4) CaSO4
15. CdS
1) 2)
3) 4)
16.
1) 2) 3) 4)
17.
1) 2) 3) 4)
18. (iii), - S (/)
1) 2) 3) 4)
19.
1) 2) 3) 4)
20.
1) NaCl 2) 3) NaJ 4)
21.
1) 2)
3) 4) KF.
22. -
1) NaOH 2)
3) HCl 4)
23.
1) , >1 2) , <1
3) , <1 4) , >1
. 238