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. 1




1.

. 1. ():

1 - Rectum; 2 - Ileum; 3 - Appendix; Vermiform appendix; 4 - Caecum; 5 - Ileocaecal valve; 6 - Ascending colon; 7 - Right colic flexure; Hepatic flexure; 8 - Duodenum; 9 - Gallbladder; 10 - Liver; 11 - Bile duct; 12 - Pyloric sphincter; 13 - Submandibular gland; 14 - Sublingual gland; 15 - Lower lip; 16 - Oral cavity; 17 - Maxillary dental arcade; Upper dental arcade; 18 - Upper lip; 19 - Hard palate; 20 - Parotid gland; 21 - Soft palate; 22 - Pharynx; 23 - Tongue; 24 - Oesophagus; 25 - Stomach; 26 - Pancreas; 27 - Pancreatic duct; 28 - Jejunum; 29 - Descending colon; 30 - Transverse colon; 31 - Sigmoid colon; 32 - External anal sphincter

. 2. , () - () ():

1 - Muscular layer; Muscular coat, longitudinal layer; 2 - Muscular layer; Muscular coat, circular layer; 3 - Proper lamina of mucosa; 4 - Solitary lymphoid nodule; 5 - Submucosa; 6 - Serosa; Serous coat; 7 - Mesentery; 8 - Complex gland; 9 - Duct of gland; 10 - Lumen of organ; 11 - Nerve plexus; 12 - Myenteric plexus (Auerbach's); 13 - Intestinal villi; 14 - Mucosa; Mucous membrane; 15 - Mucosa; Mucous

membrane, folds

2.

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. 3. , 1- (- ):

1 - ; 2 - ; 3 - ; 4 - ; 5 - ; 6 - ; 7 - ; 8 - ( .. )

. 4. ( - , - ):

1 - Oral vestibule; 2 - Oral cavity proper; 3 - Isthmus of fauces; Oropharyngeal isthmus; 4 - Palatopharyngeal arch; Posterior pillar of fauces; 5 - Palatoglossal arch; Anterior pillar of fauces; 6 - Oral vestibule; 7 - Upper lip; 8 - Frenulum of upper lip; 9 - Hard palate; 10 - Soft palate; 11 - Uvula; 12 - Palatine tonsil; 13 - Dorsum of tongue; 14 - Frenulum of lower lip; 15 - Lower lip; 16 - Muscles of oral floor; 17 - Mandible; 18 - Tongue; 19 - Nasal septum; 20 - Torus tubarius; 21 - Hyoid bone; 22 - Epiglottis

. 5. , , :

1 - Thyrohyoid; 2 - Oesophagus; 3 - Cricothyroid, straight part and oblique part; 4 - Inferior constrictor, cricopharyngeal part; cricopharyngeus; 5 - Inferior constrictor, thyropharyngeal part; thyropharyngeus; 6 - Thyrohyoid membrane; 7 - Hyoglossus; 8 - Stylohyoid; 9 - Middle constrictor, chondropharyngeal part and ceratopharyngeal part; 10 - Superior constrictor, glossopharyngeal part and mylopharyngeal part; 11 - Stylopharyngeus; 12 - Stylohyoid ligament; 13 - Styloglossus; 14 - Digastric, posterior belly; 15 - Pharyngobasilar fascia; 16 - Levator veli palatini; 17 - Tensor veli palatini; 18 - Superior constrictor, buccopharyngeal part; 19 - Superior constrictor, pterygopharyngeal part; 20 - Pterygoid process, lateral plate; 21 - Pterygoid hamulus; 22 - Palatoglossus; 23 - Palatopharyngeal arch; Posterior pillar of fauces; 24 - Pterygomandibular raphe; 25 - Orbicularis oris; 26 - Palatoglossal arch; Anterior pillar of fauces; Triangular fold; Palatine tonsil; 27 - Frenulum of tongue; Fimbriated fold; 28 - Inferior longitudinal muscle; 29 - Genioglossus; 30 - Digastric, anterior belly;

 

31 - Geniohyoid; 32 - Mylohyoid; 33 - Sternohyoid; 34 - Omohyoid

. 6. , :

1 - Apex of tongue; Tip of tongue; 2 - Filiform papillae; 3 - Lentiform papillae; 4 - Conice papillae; 5 - Foliate papillae; 6 - Tonsillar pits; 7 - Palatine tonsil; 8 - Lateral glosso-epiglottic fold; 9 - Epiglottis; 10 - Ary-epiglottic fold; 11 - Vestibular fold; 12 - Vocal fold; 13 - Rima glottidis; 14 - Interarytenoid notch; 15 - Corniculate tubercle; 16 - Cuneiform tubercle; 17 - Piriform fossa; Piriform recess; 18 - Median glosso-epiglottic fold; 19 - Epiglottic vallecula; 20 - Root of tongue; 21 - Lingual tonsil; 22 - Follicle of tongue; 23 - Foramen caecum of tongue (thyroglossal duct); 24 - Terminal sulcus of tongue; 25 - Vallate papillae; 26 - Fungiform papillae; 27 - Body of tongue;

28 - Midline groove of tongue; Median sulcus of tongue

. 7. ( - , - , ):

1 - Mucous membrane of tongue; 2 - Muscles of tongue; 3 - Vallate papillae; 4 - Conice papillae; 5 - Filiform papillae; 6 - Fungiform

papillae; 7 - Lentiform papillae; 8 - Foliate papillae; 9 - Lingual tonsil

. 8. ( )

. 9. (, - , - , - ,

- ):

1 - Filiform papillae; 2 - Vallate papillae; 3 - Fungiform papillae; 4 - Epithelium mucosae; 5 - Lingual aponeurosis; 6 - Muscles of tongue; 7 - Tip of papilla; 8 - Connective tissue; 9 - Serous gland;10 - Serous gland, excretory duct; 11 - Taste bud; 12 - Wall of papilla; 13 - Papilla; 14 - Sulcus; 15 - Foliate papillae; 16 - Excretory duct of gland

3.

 

 

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. 10. ( )

. 11. ( - , - ) ( )

. 12. ( - , - ):

1 - Greater horn of hyoid bone; 2 - Body of hyoid bone; 3 - Hyoglossus; 4 - Geniohyoid; 5 - Transverse muscle; 6 - Mucous membrane of tongue; 7 - Anterior lingual gland; 8 - Lingual septum; 9 - Inferior longitudinal muscle; 10 - Genioglossus; 11 - Chondroglossus; 12 - Lesser horn of hyoid bone; 13 - Mylohyoid; 14 - Middle constrictor, chondropharyngeal part; 15 - Styloglossus; 16 - Hyoid bone; 17 - Styloid process; 18 - Palatoglossus; 19 - Dorsum of tongue; 20 - Apex of tongue; Tip of tongue; 21 - Mandible

. 13. , :

1 - Geniohyoid; 2 - Genioglossus; 3 - Hyoglossus; 4 - Inferior longitudinal muscle; 5 - Lingual septum; 6 - Superior longitudinal muscle; 7 - Lingual aponeurosis; 8 - Mucous membrane of tongue; 9 - Vertical muscle; 10 - Transverse muscle; 11 - Sublingual gland; 12 - My-

lohyoid

. 14. , ( - , - ):

1 - Frenulum of tongue; 2 - Sublingual gland; 3 - Lingual septum; 4 - Lingual aponeurosis; 5 - Transverse muscle; 6 - Inferior surface of tongue; 7 - Vertical muscle; 8 - Superior longitudinal muscle; 9 - Inferior longitudinal muscle; 10 - Genioglossus

. 15. ( ):

1 - Pons; 2 - Anterior surface of petrous part; 3 - Internal carotid artery; 4 - Mastoid antrum; 5 - Bony labirinth; 6 - Accessory nerve [XI]; 7 - Cervical nerve [CIV]; 8 - Superior cervical ganglion; 9 - Ansa cervicalis; 10 - Vagus nerve [X]; 11 - Styloglossus; 12 - Hypoglossal nerve [XII]; 13 - External carotid artery; 14 - Stylohyoid; 15 - Vallate papillae; 16 - Hyoglossus; 17 - Digastric, anterior belly; 18 - Geniohyoid;

19 - Stylohyoid

. 16. ( - , , - ):

1 - Facial artery and vein; 2 - Sternocleidomastoid; 3 - Submandibular gland; 4 - Masseter; 5 - Buccinator; 6 - Parotid gland; 7 - Accessory parotid gland; 8 - Parotid duct; 9 - Hyoid bone; 10 - Lingual artery; 11 - Mylohyoid; 12 - Geniohyoid; 13 - Sublingual fold; 14 - Sublingual caruncle; 15 - Mucous membrane of mouth; 16 - Genioglossus; 17 - Sublingual gland; 18 - Submandibular duct;

19 - Submandibular gland; 20 - Hyoglossus; 21 - Stylohyoid

. 17. , :

1 - Submandibular duct; 2 - Submandibular gland; 3 - Stylohyoid; 4 - Digastric, posterior belly; 5 - Mandible; 6 - Masseter; 7 - Deep part; 8 - Superficial part; 9 = 7 + 8 - Parotid gland; 10 - Parotid capsule; 11 - Masseteric fascia; 12 - Parotid duct; 13 - Accessory parotid gland; 14 - Buccinator; 15 - Molar glands; 16 - Buccal glands; 17 - Labial glands; 18 - Tongue; 19 - Upper lip; 20 - Anterior lingual glands; 21 - Sublingual caruncle; 22 - Lower lip; 23 - Major sublingual duct; 24 - Minor sublingual ducts; 25 - Genioglossus; 26 - Digastric, anterior belly; 27 - Sublingual gland; 28 - Mylohyoid

 

. 18. , :

1 - Mylohyoid; 2 - Digastric, anterior belly; 3 - Submandibular gland; 4 - Cervical fascia; 5 - Submandibular gland, uncinate process; 6 - Parotid gland; 7 - Accessory parotid gland; 8 - Parotid duct; 9 - Submandibular duct; 10 - Sublingual fold; Sublingual gland;

11 - Sublingual caruncle; 12 - Apex of tongue; Tip of tongue; Anterior lingual glands; 13 - Inferior labial glands; 14 - Sublingual gland; 15 - Buccinator, parotid duct; 16 - Buccal fat pad; 17 - Genioglossus, submandibular duct; 18 - Angle of mandible; 19 - Mylohyoid;

Submandibular gland, uncinate process; 20 - Hyoglossus; 21 - Geniohyoid; lingual septum

. 19. , ( ):

1 - Inferior alveolar artery, mental branch; 2 - Facial artery and vein; 3 - Parotid duct; 4 - Masseter; 5 - Submandibular gland; 6 - Sternocleidomastoid; 7 - Great auricular nerve; 8 - Parotid gland; 9 - Facial nerve [VII]; 10 - Elastic cartilage; 11 - Auriculotemporal nerve; 12 - Occipital vessels; 13 - Superficial temporal artery and vein; 14 - Epicranial aponeurosis; 15 - Buccal fat pad; 16 - Buccinator; 17 - Orbicularis oculi; 18 - Supra-orbital artery and vein; 19 - Occipitofrontalis; 20 - Supratrochlear artery and veins; 21 - Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi; 22 - Angular artery; 23 - Orbicularis oris; 24 - Risorius; 25 - Zygomaticus major

. 20. ( - , - ):

1 - Labial glands; 2 - Palatine glands; 3 - Pharyngeal glands; 4 - Palatopharyngeus; Palatopharyngeal arch; Posterior pillar of fauces; 5 - Superior constrictor; 6 - Internal carotid artery; 7 - Hypoglossal nerve [XII]; 8 - Parotid gland; 9 - External carotid artery; 10 - Styloglossus; 11 - Pterygomandibular raphe; 12 - Superior constrictor, buccopharyngeal part, buccopharyngeal fascia; 13 - Palatine tonsil; 14 - Buccal glands; 15 - Lesser palatine arteries; Lesser palatine nerves; 16 - Greater palatine artery; Greater palatine nerve; 17 - Supratonsillar fossa; Palatoglossal arch; Anterior pillar of fauces; 18 - Palatoglossus; 19 - Buccinator; 20 - Masseter; 21 - Lingual nerve; 22 - Inferior alveolar artery; Inferior alveolar nerve; 23 - Medial pterygoid; 24 - Styloid process; 25 - Stylopharyngeus; 26 - Vagus

 

nerve [X]

. 21. , , :

1 - Sublingual caruncle; 2 - Genioglossus; 3 - Deep lingual vein; 4 - Labial glands; 5 - Buccal glands; 6 - Buccinator; Buccopharyngeal fascia; 7 - Molar glands; 8 - Facial vein; 9 - Buccal fat pad; 10 - Margin of tongue; Inferior longitudinal muscle; 11 - Buccal nerve; 12 - Temporalis; Temporal muscle; Tendon; 13 - Inferior alveolar nerve; 14 - Nerve to mylohyoid; 15 - Lingual nerve; 16 - Superior constrictor; 17 - Buccopharyngeal fascia; Pharyngeal muscles; Muscle layer of pharynx; 18 - Palatopharyngeus; 19 - Superior laryngeal nerve; 20 - Internal carotid artery; Superior cervical ganglion; 21 - Vagus nerve [X]; 22 - Hypoglossal nerve [XII]; 23 - Glossopharyngeal nerve [IX]; Stylopharyngeus; 24 - Buccopharyngeal fascia; 25 - Styloglossus; Styloid process; 26 - External carotid artery; Retromandibular vein; Parotid gland; 27 - Medial pterygoid; 28 - Palatine tonsil; 29 - Ramus of mandible; 30 - Palatoglossus; 31 - Masseter; Masseteric fascia; 32 - Mandible; Retromolar triangle; 33 - Styloglossus; 34 - Oral vestibule; 35 - Hyoglossus; Lingual nerve; 36 - Sublingual gland; 37 - Lingual artery; Sublingual nerve; Vena comitans of hypoglossal nerve; 38 - Sublingual fold; 39 - Submandibular duct; 40 - Sublingual artery

. 22. ( ):

1 - Submandibular gland; Uncinate process; 2 - Submandibular gland; 3 - Submandibular duct; 4 - Mandible; 5 - Facial artery; 6 - Marginal mandibular branch (facial nerve [VII]); 7 - Sublingual artery; Lingual nerve; 8 - Papilla of parotid duct; 9 - Gingiva; Gum, vestibular surface; 10 - Gingiva; Gum, palatal surface; 11 - Maxillary sinus; 12 - Lingual artery; 13 - Lingual septum; 14 - Hard palate; 15 - Nasal cavity; 16 - Tongue; 17 - Molar tooth [II]; 18 - Oral vestibule; 19 - Parotid duct; 20 - Oral cavity proper; 21 - Mucous membrane of mouth; 22 - Sublingual gland; 23 - Lingual intermuscular space; 24 - Skin; 25 - Cervical fascia, investing layer; superficial layer; 26 - Platysma;

 

27 - Digastric, anterior belly

. 23. ():

1 - Intercalatus duct; 2 - Striatus duct; 3 - Duct of gland; 4 - Epitheliocyts; 5 - Intralobular and interlobular ducts; 6 - Gland terminal

part

. 24. :

1 - Submandibular gland; 2 - Sublingual gland; 3 - Lymph node

. 25. () () :

1 - Incisive suture; 2 - Incisive fossa; 3 - Interalveolar septa; 4 - Incisor teeth; 5 - Canine tooth; 6 - Premolar teeth; 7 - Molar teeth

. 26. ( - , - () 4 ):

1 - Third molar tooth; Wisdom tooth; 2 - Molar tooth [II]; 3 - Molar tooth [I]; 4 - Premolar tooth [II]; 5 - Premolar tooth [I]; 6 - Canine tooth; 7 - Lateral incisor tooth; 8 - Medial incisor tooth; 9 - Incisor teeth; 10 - Molar teeth; 11 - Tooth socket

. 27. ( - , - ):

1 - Premolar tooth; 2 - Mandibular canal; 3 - Molar tooth; 4 - Vestibular surface; 5 - Maxillary sinus; 6 - Superior canine tooth; 7 - Lateral superior incisor tooth; 8 - Medial superior incisor tooth; 9 - Medial inferior incisor tooth; 10 - Lateral inferior incisor tooth;

11 - Inferior canine tooth; 12 - Mental foramen; 13 - Medial surface; 14 - Lingual surface; 15 - Palatine process; 16 - Mandibular fora-

men

. 28. ():

1 - Root canal; Pulp canal; 2 - Root; 3 - Neck; Cervix; 4 - Crown; 5 - Enamel; 6 - Dentine; 7 - Dental pulp; 8 - Gingiva; Gum; 9 - Cement; 10 - Periodontium; 11 - Bone

. 29. ( ) (). - , . ( )

 

. 30.

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. 31. ( I II), ()

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. 32. ( - , - , , - ). () () . , :

1 - Molar teeth; 2 - Premolar teeth; 3 - Occlusal surface; 4 - Incisor teeth; 5 - Canine tooth

. 33. ( - , - , - ):

1 - Cement; 2 - Alveolar wall; 3 - Perforating fibres; 4 - Gingiva; Gum; 5 - Decussating interdental fibres; 6 - Gingival papilla; Interdental

papilla; 7 - Circular fibres

. 34. (, ), () () :

1 - Bone; 2 - Proper lamina of mucosa; 3 - Gingiva; Gum; 4 - Crown; 5 - Neck; Cervix; 6 - Root

. 35. . ():

1 - Distal root (molar tooth II); 2 - Mesial root (molar tooth II); 3 - Interradicular septum; 4 - Dentogingival fibres; 5 - Spiral interdental fibres; 6 - Root canal; Pulp canal; 7 - Root (molar tooth III); 8 - Interdental fibres

. 36. , ()

. 37. . , ( - , - )

( .. , . )

. 38. - ():

1 - Periodontium; 2 - Dental alveolus; 3 - Dental papilla; 4 - Tooth

. 39. , ():

1 - Tooth; 2 - Gingival recess; 3 - Cingival margin; 4 - Gingival sulcus; Gingival groove; 5 - Maxilla, alveolar process; 6 - Mobil gingiva; 7 - Oral vestibule, fundus

 

. 40. , ():

1 - Lingual surface; 2 - Distal surface; 3 - Buccal surface; 4 - Mesial surface; 5 - Labial surface

. 41. :

1 - Gingival sulcus; Gingival groove; 2 - Cingival papilla; Interdental papilla; 3 - Cingival margin; 4 - Medial pterygoid; 5 - Masseter; 6 - Parotid duct; 7 - Inferior alveolar nerve; 8 - Buccal nerve; 9 - Lunule; 10 - Gingiva; Gum, buccal surface (maxilla); 11 - Gingiva; Gum, labial surface (maxilla); 12 - Gingiva; Gum, lingual surface (palatal surface) (maxilla); 13 - Greater palatine artery; Greater palatine nerve; 14 - Palatine aponeurosis; Palatopharyngeus; 15 - Pterygomandibular raphe; 16 - Gingiva; Gum, paracervical part; 17 - Buccinator;

18 - Gingiva, alveolar part; 19 - Transive fold; 20 - Frenulum of lower lip

. 42. ( - , - ):

1 - Uvula; 2 - Palatine tonsil; 3 - Soft palate; 4 - Deciduous teeth; 5 - Gingiva; Gum; 6 - Buccinator; 7 - Pterygomandibular raphe; 8 - Buccal fat pad; 9 - Lateral pterygoid; 10 - Masseter; 11 - Ramus of mandible; 12 - Lingual nerve; Inferior alveolar nerve; 13 - Medial pterygoid; 14 - Frenulum of lower lip; 15 - Sublingual caruncle; 16 - Palatoglossus; 17 - Mandible; 18 - Lingual nerve; 19 - Styloglossus;

Medial pterygoid; 20 - Fimbriated fold; 21 - Frenulum of tongue

. 43. :

1 - Medial incisor tooth;

2 - Lateral incisor tooth;

3 - Canine tooth; 4 - Molar tooth [I]; 5 - Molar tooth [II]; 6 - Molar tooth

[I]; Permanent teeth

. 44. ( - , - ):





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