.


:




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, (NRC6 1968), . , (Davis and Drackley, 1998; Quigley and Drewry, 1998). (Carstens et al.,1987; Ridderetal.,1991).

, , , (NRC, 1968). , (Hidiroglou and Knipfel. 1981) (Van Saun et al.,1 989a), . (Abdel-rahman and Kincaid, 1995). , (Van Saun et al., 1989b). , , . , (Davis and Drackley. 1998; Quigley and Drewry, 1998).

-1 (McCoy et al., 1 970). , 100 , (Davis and Drackley, 1998; Quigley and Drewry, 1998). (Pritchett et al.,1991), 3 ( ) , 3.8 , (Besser et al.,1 991; Hopkins

252


and Quigley, 1997).

, (Davis and Drackley. 1998; Quigley and Drewry. 1998). , , (Foley and Otteby. 1978) , . ]. , , (Hammon and Blum, 1998).

, (Garry et al.,1996; Morin et al., 1997; Arthington et al.,2000). (Quigley and Welborn, 1996). . (Arthington et al.,2000). ; , laro'inue (Hopkins and Quigley, 1997). , ' , , ( ), . , , , .

, . , , , , (Leaver and Yarrow, 1972; Kertz et al.,1984).

70-75% , , (Davis and Drackley, 1998). - (), , . , 10-12%


. 10.


. , , (Lewis and Phillips, 1978; Phillips et a 1., 1 985). , , , . , , (Booth and Naylor. 1987). !', , , (Walker et al., 1998).

, (Davis and Drackley, 1998). , , , , (McGuirk, 1992; (iarthwaite et al.. 1 994) , I . , lepamni .

()

- (Heinrichs el al.,1 995). (NRC, 1989) . , , (Davis and Drackley, 1998). , , . , , . , . ( 50%) , , . (Davis and Drackley, 1998). , 14 (Davis and Drackley. 1998). (Heinrichs et al.,1 994, 1995). , , , . (Wilson and Wheelock, 1972). , , ,


(Huisman, 1989; Lalles. 1 993). , (Terosky et al.,1 997; Lammers et al.,1 998).

3- (Toullec and Guilloteau, 1989). 3- , 31 ( . , ! .

, , . (Raven, 1970). , . , -. , , (Jenkins et al.,1985). , , 10-12%. , (Heinrichs et al.. I 995)..

(Heinrichs et al.,1993). . , (Heinrichs et al.,1995).. , (Morn 11 al., 1 977; Quigley et al., 1 997a), . , , (Morrill et al.,1977; (Morrill et al.. 1 995; (Davis and Drackley, 1998). , (Heinrichs et a!.. 1 995); Heinrichs and Bush, 1991; Eicher-Pruiett et al.,1992; Quigley etal.,1997b).. , , (Qlii1 et al., I 997b). , (Jenny et al.,1 99 1; Higgmbotham and Bath, 1993; Morrill et al.,1995; Abe et al.,1995; Gruywagen et al.,1 996). (Beharka et al.. 1991) (Quigley et al.,1 992) .



(Curnick et al.. 1983). (Quigley et al.,1992)..

, , ( 8-10% ), (NRC. 1989). (Hodgson. 1971). , , (Khouri and Pickering, 1968; Hodgson, 1971) , , (Khouri and Pickering, 1968; Davis and Drakley, 1998). , . , , (Khouri and Pickering, 1968; Hodgson, 1971; Huber et al., 1984; Nocek and Braund, 1986; Richard et al., 1988). , . . , , , (Khouri and Pickering, 1968; Hodgson, 1971; Huber et al.,1984). , , (Kurtz et al., 1979, 1984). , 10-20% , - . 40 9% 454 . 4.7 / , 234 . , , 331 . -20, , 454 . ,

25.4


, , , (Williams et al.,1981; Griebel et al.,1987; Pollock et al.,1994).

. , , 13% ') , . , - (Khoun and Pickering. I9h8; Hodgson. 1971).

0.68 3- . , 4- (Kurtz et al., 1979, 1984). (Hodgson, 1971; Huber et al.,1984). : , ( ), , , . 5.5 (Williams and Frost. 1992).

Rhfhrhnit.s 10

Abdelgadir, 1. E. O., and J. L. Morrill. 1995. Effect of processing sorghum grain on dairy calf performance. J. Dairy Sci. 78:2040-2046.

Abdelgadir, I. E. O., J. L. Morrill, and J. J. Higgins. 1996a. Effect of roasted soybeans and corn on performance and ruminal and blood metabolites of dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci. 79:465-474.

Abdelgadir, I. E. O., J. L. Morrill, and J. J. Higgins. 1996b. Ruminal availabilities of protein and starch: effects on growth and ruminal and plasma metabolites of dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci. 79:283-290.

Abdelrahman, M. M.,andR. L. Kincaid. 1995. Effect of selenium supple-mentation of cows on maternal transfer of selenium to feial and new-born calves..1. Dairy Sci. 78:625-630.

Abe, F.. N. Ishibashi, and S. Shimamura. 1995. HiTeci of administration of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria lo new bom calves and piglets..1. Dairy Sci. 78:2838-2846.

Agricultural Research Council. 1980. The Nutrient Requirements of Ruminant Livestock. Farnham Royal, Slough, England: Common-wealth Agricultural Bureaux.


11


(NRC, 1989), -i (Lammers et a 1., 1999; Radcliffet al.,1997; Van Amburgh et a!.. 1998a, 1998b). , (Pirlo et al.. 1997; Tomlinson et al..1997). . i . (NRC, 1996). , )iiepi . , , : 1) (). , 2) (), (). Preston (1982) , , () (). , . Tomlinson et al.,(1997) . , , 385 ((Bethard et al.. 1997). , , , 90% NRC (Pirlo et al., 1997). (NRC, 1996; Van Amburgh et al., 1998a).

,


, , . (NRC, 1989) () (). - , thoi () (). , . . . , 96% ( ) . , , , (NRC, 1984). , () ( ) , () (). (). 89.1% 85.5 , , () (Garrett et al., 1 959). () 96%





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