11-1 (650, 800 400 ), (0.6, 0.8 1.0 /). . , , , - , . , , , , .
11-1. '
, | |||||||
650 | |||||||
800 | 6-16 | ||||||
400 | |||||||
(/) | , | /6 | |||||
0,6 | 1,34 | 1,58 | 1,81 | 2.03 | 2,25 | 2.46 | 3,66 |
0.8 | 1,83 | 2.17 | 2,48 | 2,79 | 3,08 | 3.37 | 3,64 |
1,0 | 2,34 | 2,77 | 3,17 | 3,56 | 3,94 | 4,30 | 4,65 |
, , | /' | ||||||
0,6 | |||||||
0,8 | |||||||
1,0 | |||||||
, , /;' | |||||||
0,6 | |||||||
0,8 | |||||||
1.0 |
' , . , .
" 11-2; (), = 0.0635 "75 """. ; 0.956 .
' 1 1-3: (/) = (268- (29.4 (/))). 1 11-4: = / (0.834 - ( 0.00114)); > 478 . = 478 . . \ , , - , . , , , . , , (Garrett. 1987). , 344 388 , 0.8 1.2 / , 12.1 18.5% (Radcliff et al.. 1997). 321 (334 Ki ) 1.93 / (2.58 / ), 0.75 /, 2.75 /) (3.67 / ), 0.95 (Waldo etal.. 1997).
|
|
, , , (Fortin et al., 1980; Anrique el al., 1990. Fox et al., 1999).
, , . - , , , . , , , 0.86. NRC (1989) - 11% ( 11). , , 0.96, -4%. , 1989 . 0.91 , 0.71, -13 -10, . NRC 1989 . , ( ) . , ! . , , , . , . 32 , (0.78 0.99 /) 181 334 (Waldo et al.,1997) .. . 89% 89.1% Garrett, (1980). . . 87.4% , 95.6%
264
. 11.
Garrett, (1 980). ,
, , , Waldo
et al..(1997) (< 400 ), 89%
95.7% (Abdalla et al.,1988).
,
.
,
,
:
(
).
|
|
.
.
, , -
.
, , -
.
I .
1 , . , , , , , ( . , , . . .
()
(Cady and Smith. (1996). (Hoffman et al., 1 996). , , , ( ) (Harrison et al., 1983; Foldager and Serjsen, 19X7). I Ipn , , (Radcliff et al.,1997). , , , (Radcliff
et al.,2000), , (0.9 ) (Abeni et al.,2000). - , - , , (Van Amburgh et al., 1998b). , - , 2 - 3- , 1 - (Van Amburgh et al.. 1998b). , (NRC, 1996). Joubert (1963) , , , , Lamond (1970). , . , . . , , , 60% , ] , , 55% (NRC, 1996).
, Ferguson and Otto, 1989; Hoffman. 1 997; Van Amburg et al. 1998b). (NRC. 1996) , Fox et al.,(1999) . (NRC, 2001) , Fox et al.,(1999), . , 82 100% oi , , 85 96%. , . :
|
|
(11-6) |
= 0.55.
1-
= - 280 (11-7)
1- = ( - /(
(11-8) (11-9) |
1- - ) 1-
= 0.82
2-
(11-10) |
= 0.92
(11-11) |
.00 |
3- -
- ( 1-
- ) / 280 (11-12)
= ( 2- - 1- ) /
(11-13)
(11-14) |
= ( 3- - 2- ) /
() ().
, 11-2 1 1-3 11-4 . ' (), , , . , . , . , , :
= 665 ( / 45)
> 190 (-15)
, =
, , . () :
= (18 + (( - 190) 0.665))
(/45) (11-16)
,
, (, 500 /), . , ; .
()
Van Amburgh et al.,(1998a). 273 , , , 77 , 1- . , 641 . ( 6-8 , 3- ) 84 , 1- 687 - 431 . , 11-2.
|
|
11-2. , Van Amburgh et al..(198)
i (>41 0.55 = 352 Ki 6X7 687 280 - 407 (352 - 84) / (407 - 77) = 0.87 / 641 0.82 =526 (526 - 352) / 280 = 0,62 / 641 0,92 = 590 = 431 (590 - 526) / 431 = 0,148 / 641 I = 641 (641 590) /431 =0.118 / |
. , ,
,
1- , , 2- , , () 1- ,
3- , () 2- ,
. ( ) , . 1- . , 0.82 / 0.87 ; 370 352 ; 1- , . 0.63 / 0.62 /; 1- , , 533 526 ; , , 0.136 / 0.148 /; 2- 592 ( 40 ) 590 .
266
. .
11-2, , Van Amburgh et al.,(1998a). , . -. (Hoffman, 1997; Kertz et al., 1998). Van Amburgh et al..(1998a) (526 ) 533 , Hoffman, (1997) (515-558 ). Kertz et al.,(1997,1998) , 77% , 83% Van Amburirh el al.,(1998a) 82% .
352 , Hoffman, (1997). ) 0.87 /, , 22.5 ; 0.84 /, Hoffman, (1997) , 24- . () Van Amburgh et al.,(1998a) (0.87 /) Lammers et al.,(1999) (0.70 1.01 /, ) , Kertz et al..l998) (0.82-0.93 /). , , , ( 11-3).
11-3. , () 11 -2 (Van Amburgh et al.,(1998a)
: | |
() | (352 + 84)/2 = 218 |
(478/641)218= 163 | |
163x0,891 = 145 | |
0,87x0,956 = 0,83 / | |
, | 0,0635 145"-75 0.83""=2.16 / |
: | |
() | (352 + 526) /2 -439 |
(478/641)439-327 | |
327 0891=292 | |
0,956 0,62 = 0,59 / | |
( , ) | 0,0635 292"-75 0,59'-7=2,51 / |
: | |
() | (526 + 590)/2 = 558 |
(478/641) 558 =416 | |
416x0,891 =371 | |
0,956x0,148=0,141 / | |
0,0635 371075 0,14110"7= 0,63 / | |
: | |
() | (590 + 641)/2 = 616 |
(478/641) 616 = 409 | |
' | 459x0,891 =409 |
0,956x0118 = 0,113 / | |
0,0635 409(175 0,1131097= 0,53/ |
26.
|
|
, . , (Hoffman et al., 1994). NRC (1996) . NRC (1996) Fox and Tylutki (1998) .
(NRC. 1996) , . , . , , , , .
Fox and Tylutki (1998) , , :
(11-17) |
- (0.086 "7\ )^'
') - 2 - (// "?\
0.086 (Haaland et al.,1980, 1981) (Fox and Black, 1984). , 10% (Fox and Tylutki, 1998). .