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() , , . . , . , , . (Aspergillus oryzae, Saccharomvcts cerevisiae), Lactobacilhts, Streptococcus, , Bifidobacterium spp, Bacillus spp. Propionibacterium spp. Yoon and Stern (1995) , , , . :

- ;

- ;

-
;

- ;

- ;

- .

. Yoon and Stem, (1995) 2- 10 3- 11 S. cerevisiae. S. cerevisiae 3- (Adams et al.,1995:


. 9.


Putman et al., 1997; Wohlt et al., 1 998), 2- (Robinson, 1997; Kung et al., 1997). Aspergillus oryzae 1 8- 6 14 , Yoon and Stern, (1995). , A. oryzae , (Bertrand and Grimes, 1997), , , 46 (McGilliard and Stallmgs, 1998).

, , (Yoon and Stem, 1995, 1996; Beharka and Nagaraja, 1998; Newbold et al., 1996). (Gallaway and Martin, 1997). , , (Newbold et al., 1996). , . (60:40 ) , (Williams et al., 1991) - () , (Miranda et al., 1996; Adams et al., 1995). , (Yoon and Stem, 1995, 1996; Beharka and Nagaraja, 1998). , , , (Putman et al., 1997), (Yoon and Stem, 1995).

- , , . , , , , (Yoon and Stern, 1995). Yoon and Stern, 1995) Lactobacillus acidophilus .


. Cruywagen et al.,(1996) , Lactobacillus acidophilus , 2 , 6 , . L. acidophilus Bifidobacterium , , ( 35 ) 21 (Abe et al., 1995).

() , . . , . 1993 . (Peel and Bauman, 1987; Bauman et al., 1989a; NRC, 1994). , , . , (Bauman et al., 1989a; Boydand Bauman, 1989; Chalupa and Galligan, 1989), (Tyrrel et al., 1988; Sechen et al., 1989 Kirchgessner et al., 1991). , .

(Peel and Bauman, 1987; Chilliard, 1989; McBride et al., 1988; Chalupa and Galligan, 1989; Peel et al., 1989; Crooker and Otteby, 1991; Hartnelletal.,1991; McGuffey and Williamson. 1991; Bauman, 1992; NRC, 1994; Bauman et al.,1999). 5 50 // 3-6 (NRC, 1994) . , (NRC, 1994). 3aBncenf , (Bauman, 1987).

, , , , , , (Linn, 1988; Sutton, 1989). , .


223



(Peel and Bauman, 1987; McBride et al., 1988; Bauman et al., 1989a; Chalupa and Galligan, 1989; van der Berg, 1991; Dell'Orto and Savoim,1991; Barbano et al.,1992; Lynch et al.,1992; Laurent et al.,1992). , , . , , (Bauman et al., 1989b). , , , , (Peel and Bauman, 1987; Chalupa and Galligan, 1989; Chilliard, 1989). (Bauman, 1987, 1992).

, , (Bauman, 1987; Chalupa and Galligan, 1989; Chilliard, 1989; Crooker and Otterby, 1991; Kirchgessneretal.,1991; McGuffey and Wilkinson, 1991; Muller, 1992; Collier et al.,1992; NRC, 1994). , , , . , , , . , , , , , , .

REFERENCES 9

Abe, F., N. Ishibashi, and S. Shimamura. 1995. Effect of administration of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria to newborn calves and piglets. J. Dairy Sci. 78:2838-2845.

Abe, N., I. J. Lean, A. Rabiee, J. Porter, and Graham. 1994. Effects of sodium monensin on reproductive performance of dairy cattle. II. Effects on metabolites in plasma, resumption of ovarian cyclicity and oestrus in lactatingcows. Aust. Vet. J. 71:277-282.

Adams, A. L., B. Harris, Jr., H. H. Van Horn, and J. Wilcox. 1995. Effects of varying forage types on milk production

224


responses to whole cottonseed, tallow and yeast. J. Dairy Sci. 78:573-581.

Al-Ani, F. K., and J. G. E. Vesteweber. 1986. Udder edema: An updated review. Vet. Bull. 56:763-769.

Allen, M. S. 1997. Relationship between fermentation acid production in the rumen and the requirements for physically effective fiber. J. Dairy. Sci. 80:1447-1462.

Allen, W. M., and D. Davies. 1981. Milk fever, hypomagnesaemia. and the 'downer cow' syndrome. Br. Vet. J. 137:435-441.

Anderson, K. L., T. G. Nagaraja, J. L. Morrill, P. G. Reddy, . . Avery, andN. V. Anderson. 1988. Performance and ruminal changes of early-weaned calves fed lasalocid. J. Anim. Sci. 66:806-813.

Armentano, L., and M. Pereira. 1997. Measuring the effectiveness of fiber by animal response trials. J. Dairy Sci. 80:1416-1425.

Aslam, M., W. B. Tucker. J. F. Hogue, R. K. Vernon, and G. D. Adams. 1991. Controlled ruminal infusion of sodium bicarbonate. 2. Effects of dietary and infused buffer on ruminal milieu. J. Dairy Sci. 74:3496-3504.

Baile, . ., L. McLauglin. W. V. Chalupa, D. L. Snyder. L. Pendlum, and E. L. Potter. 1982. Effects of monensin fed to replace-ment dairy heifers during the growing and gestation period upon growth, reproduction, and subsequent lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 65:1941-1944.

Bar, A., R. Perlman, and M. Sachs. 1985. Observation on the use of 1-alpha-hydroxy vitamin D3 in the prevention of bovine parturient pare-sis: The effect of a single injection on plasma 1-alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, calcium, and hydroxyproline. J. Dairy Sci. 68:1952-1958.

Barbano, D. M., J. M. Lynch, D. E. Bauman, G. F. Hartnell, R. L. Hintz, and M. A. Nemeth. 1992. Effect of a prolonged-release formulation of N-methionyl bovine somatotropin (sometribove) on milk composition. J. Dairy Sci. 75:1775-1793.

Barber, D. M., L. Wright, and W. MacLennan. 1983. Hypomagnesaemia in periparturient dairy cows. Vet. Rec. 1 1 2:35-36.

Bartley, E. E., E. L. Herod, R. M. Bechtle, D. A. Sapienza, and . . Brent. 1979. Effect of monensin or lasalocid, with and without niacin or amicloral, on rumen fermentation and feed efficiency. J. Anim. Sci. 49:1066-1075.

Barton, B. A., N. A. Jorgensen, and H. F. DeLuca. 1987. Impact of prepartum dietary phosphorus intake on calcium homeostasis at parturi-tion. J. Dairy Sci. 70:1186-91. Bauchart, D., D. Gruffat, and D. Durand. 1996. Lipid absorption and hepatic lipid metabolism. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 55:39-47.

Bauman, D. E. 1987. Bovine somatotropin: The Cornell



10

, . , . () , , , ^. 2-3 , ) , (Toullec and Guilloteau, 1989; Davis and Drackley, 1998).

, , , . , () , (Sander et al.. 1959). (Warner, 1991). , , (Brownlee, 1956; Flatt et at., 1958; Williams and Frost, 1992). , (Anderson et al.,1987a,b; Williams and Frost, 1992). , , (Stobo et al., I 966). (Quigley, 1996; Davis and Drackley, 1988). , - , -- , (McGaven and Morill, 1976; Greenwood et al.,1997; Beharka et al.,1998). (Davis Clark, 1981): 1. .

238


(). , , , .

. 2. . . 3. . , .

, ( 2). , , , . , , . ; , , . , 10-1, 10-2, , ( ) - . 10-3. , 100 - 10-4. , ( ) , .

,

25-50 . 10-1. 0.086 /"-75 () . ()


. 10.


86%. , 0.100 /07' . (Van Es et al., 1969; Johnson and Elliott, 1972a,b; Holmes and Davey, 1976; Okamoto et al., 1986; Arieli et al., 1995; Gerrits et a 1., 1 996). --


(NRC) 0.102 / 07S 85% (NRC, 1980). :

(/ = 0.1 "-75 + (0.84 "--155) (1 2 ); (10-1), ( ) .


10-1. ,

 

. ' 1   4'V < * ' .
. i -, [ ME
               
    0,24 ( ),96   1,12 1,17     2 750
    0,32 0,96 0,26 1,50 1,56     2 750
    0,42 ( ),96 0,60 2,00 2,08     2 750
    0,27 1 1,10   1,28 1,34     3 300
    0,36 1 1,10 0,28 1,69 1,76     3 300
    0,47 1 1.10 0,65 2,22 2,31     3 300
    0,34 1 .,37   1,59 1,66      
    0,43 1 ,37 0,31 2,04 2,13      
    0,55 1 ,37 0,72 2,63 2,74      
    0,69 1 ,37 1,16 3,28 3,41      
    0,37 1 ,49   1,74 1,81     4 950
    0.46 1 ,49 0,32 2,21 2,30     4 950
    0.59 ] .49 0,75 2,82 2,94     4 950
    0,74 1 ,49 1,21 3,50 3,64     4 950
    0,40 1 ,62   1,88 1,96     5 500
    0,45 1 ,62 0,34 2,37 2,47     5 500
    0,63 1 ,62 0,77 3,00 3,13     5 500
    0.78 1 .62 1.26 3.70 3.86     5 500

- , , , , 4.75/ . - () = 0.086 " 75, = . - () = (0.84 "155 * 1 2 ) * 0.69. -() = 0.1 075 + (0.840155 * 12). -() = /0.96.

- ( , /) = 6.25 [1/ (+++) - *]. - ( ) = 0.8. -( ) -0.2 "77 (), -( )-1.9 / (). -( )= 30 / .

- ( ) = /0.93 = 0.93%. - ()- 1 10/.



, ' . ()) 100 / " ' . 10-1 , 96% , - (Neergard el al., 1 976: 11 . NRC, 1 989;. Toullec, 1 989; Gerrits et al., 1996). .

69% , , (Gonzales-Jimenez and Blaxter, 1962; Van Es et al., 1969; Johnson and Elliott, 1972a, b; Vermorel et al., 1974; Webster et al., 1975; Donnelly and Hutton, q976a, b; Holmes and Davey, 1976; Neergard, 1976; Toullec, 1989; Gerrits et al., 1 996). - , 10-1 40 , 200 / 1556 / , 75 800 / 2567 /. , , 1989 . (1460 ' 40 200 / ), (1869 1 75 800 ). , , (Webster et al., 1975; Donnelly and Hutton, 1976a, b; Holmes and Davey, 1976; Neergard, 1976; Gerrits et al.,1996). .

, 30-60 . 10-1 , -


, 10-1, 10-3. , - , (Roy et al., 1967; Vermorel et al.,1983; Okamoto et al.,1986; Schrama et al.,1992; Ortigues et al.,1994; Arielietal., 1995).

, - , (Seharma et al.. 1 992; Arieli et al., 1 995). ■ . () . , , 10-1. , . . (NRC. 1989). -, , , , 1989 . , .


 

10-2.  
, 1 /' ,/ -1 ' ' ."
, -. :
               
    0,32 1,10   1.34 1.43      
    0,42 1,10 0,28 1.77 1,89      
    0,56 1,10 0,65 2.33 2,49      
    0,36 1,24   1.50 1,61      
    0,47 1,24 0,30 1,96 2,09      
    0,61 1,24 0,68 2,55 2,73      
    0,40 1,37   1,66 1,78      
    0.51 1,37 0,31 2,14 2,29      
    0,66 1,37 0,72 2,76 2,95      
    0,83 1,37 1,16 3,44 3,68      
    0.44 1,49   1,81 1,94      
    0,56 1,49 0,32 2,31 2,47      
    0,71 1,49 0,75 2,96 3.16      
    0,88 1,49 1,21 3,67 3,93      
    0,47 1,62   1,96 2,10      
    0,60 1,62 0,34 2,48 2,65   %  
    0,76 1,62 0,77 3,15 3,37      
    0,94 1,62 1,26 3,89 4,17      
    1,13 1,62 1,78 4,69 5,02      




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