6-5 (NRC. 1989) ,
206
. ( 14). , , ! . . .
11. , , ! , . , , , . , , , . ; (, , , ).
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, . 12% , . , . (Santos et al,.1999a,b) , , , , 12.7 14.7% .
. , , . , (Vande Haar and Donkin (1999). 460 / (Capucj et al., 1997), 10% (Ferrell et al., 1976; Swanson and Poffenbarger, 1979) 0.7 0.5 (NRC, 1996), , , 130 . 1%, . , .
, . 12% , , (Van Saun et al., 1993) (Van Saun and Sniffen, 1995). 2-4% 12-13% (Crawley and Kilmer, 1995; Van Saun et al., 1995; Greenfield et al, 1998; Hartwell et al., 1999; Putnam etal. 1999) (Crawley and Kilmer, 1995; Greenfield et al, 1988). , (Van Saun et al.,1993; Van Saun and Sniffen. 1995; Wu etal., 1997; Putnam and Varga, 1998; Huyler et al.,1999; Putman et al, 1999; Vande Haar et al., 1999). , , (Moorby et al., 1996) (Van Saun et al., 1995; Moorby et al.. 1996) . , 10.5, 12.6, 14.5% -
(Putnam and Varga, 1998). , . . (Chalupa et al.. 1 999) ; .
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12% , (.. ). (Strang et al., 1998). . , 12% . 12% , , (NRC. 1989) . , 14.2% , 15% ( 14-10). , .
, 1.25 / , 6-5 (NRC, 1989). , , 1.25 / . , , , . , 1.25 / .
1.62 / (. 14-10, 14-11). , 1.62 / , , , .
207
, 1.62 / (. 14-10, 14-11), . , . , , , 2- -. , - . , . (Dirksen et al.,1985). , (Grummer, 1993, 1995). , , . 1.62 / , -, , , (Vande Haar et al., 1999).
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, ( ) () . , 1000 (leq/ji (Betrics et al.,1992; Vazquez-Annon etal., 1994: Grum et al., 1996). (Bell. 1979). (Emery et al.,1992; Grummer. 1993; Bauchart et al.. 1 996; Drackley et al.,1999; Hocquette and Bauchart, 1999), . , (Drackley et al.,1999). . , , . . . (Kleppe et
al.,1988; Pullen et al. 1990). . . ,; . - - . , - . . , - -1 - (Emery et al.,1992). -1 . . , , (Grummer, 1993). , .
, , (Grummer. 1993). , . - , . . . , . 2-4 ; . , , (Veenhuizen et al.,1991). , , . , , (Emery et al..l 992). , . (Grummer. 1993).
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208
. 9.
, . , , , . . . ( < 3) , , . ( >4) , . . . . 3 12 (Dufva et al., 1983). (Skaar et al.. 1989; Minor et al.,1998). (Hamada et al.,1982). , . , .- Sauer et al.,1973). (Schultz, 1958). , , , (, , ) (Grummer. 1993).
()
, , . . , , (Zamet et al., 1979; Erb and Grohn, 1988) (Hays and Albright, 1996). , , , .
(Dentine and McDaniel. 1984).
, . , , , (Vestweber and Al-Ani, 1983; Al-Ani and Vestweber, 1986). , (Mavlen et al.. 1983; Miller et al.. 1993). , , . , , . .
, (Fountaine et al.. 1949; Greenhalgh and Gardner, 1958; Schmidt and Schultz, 1959). , , , Hathaway et al.,(1957) and Hemken et al.,(1960) . Emery et al.,(1969) 7-8 , 3 . , . Greenhalgh and Gardner (1958) , 4 . . , , , (88% ) 12 % 53.5" 46.5% , , 30 (Johnson and Otterby, 1 98 1). , . , , . (Vigue. 1963). 60 ,
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209
, , (Wise et al. 946).
Emery et al. (1969) , 1% , . (Randal et al.. 1974; Conway et al., 1977; Sanders and Sanders, 1981; Jones et al., 1984). (Hemken et al., 1969). , (Randal et al.. 1974). 2- , (Sanders and Sanders. 1981). 450 . 454 I" (Randal et al.. 1974). , 1% NaCl , 4% 1+1% NaCl 20 . . , (Hicks and Pauli, 1976).
, . . , .. . . Nestor et al., 1988) , (0 272 //) NaCl (23 136 //) . , , , .
Tucker et al.,(1992) and Lema et al.,(1992) , , . . , , , . , (1.5% ) (2.17%) 3 . , . ,
2 . , . ( ), 2 , , .
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Muller et a 1.(1989b) , 6 1000 ME // . , . (0 1000 ME), (0 800 ), (0 12 ). , , . , , , . , .
210
. 9.
, , , , (Mueller et al.,1998). , , .