. , , , , ( , , ). , , , , , , .
5 ( . 1990; Little . 2005; . 2002; . 1997; . 2003). Little , (2002) , (1997) .
Little 3 ( 21 ), . 16 , , ⳻ ( ). 3 4 , ; (1997) (16 , ), . (Little . 2005, . 2002, . 1997) . .
Little ( 21 ) (, , ). ( ) : 16 , (, , , ). , (, , , ) (, , ).
(1997) : ( ), ( , , , , ). 3 4 (, 38 , ).
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17
GRADE
ʳ ( ) | ³ | |||||
( 2 (2) | 1 (205) | (. ) 49/104 (47%) | ( . ) 63/101 (62%) | 0,76 (0,59, 0,97) | ||
( 2 (2) | 1 (150) | (. ) 49/104 (47%) | ( . ) 44/46 (96%) | 0,49 (0,39, 0,60) | ||
( 1 () | 1 (81) | ( ) 18/44 (41%) | ( ) 32/47 (86%) | 0,47 (0,32, 0,68) | ||
( 3 (L) | (572) | d 160/281 (57%) | d 159/291 (55%) | 1,04 (0,90, 1,20) | ||
( 4 ) (2) | 1 (209) | (. ) 11/104 (11%) | ( . ) 14/105 (13%) | 0,79 (0,37, 1,66) | ||
( 4 ) (1) | 1 (283) | ( ) 15/136 (11%) | ( . ) 26/147 (18%) | 0,62 (0,34, 1,12) | ||
( 4 ) (1) | 1 (723) | ( ) 60/369 (16%) | ( . ) 81/354 (23%) | 0,71 (0,52, 0,95) | ||
( 1 ) (L) | 1 (572) | . =1,63 (95% IJ 1,07 2,49) |
d , .
L=Little . 2005
M1= . 1997
M2= . 2002
P= . 2003
, ( - ) . , 㳿 .
㳿 , , .