() Q, A ∆U: () Q, ∆U : Q = ∆U + A.
. Q , : ∆U = Q A.
(p=const, ) , = p∆V (∆V=V2-V1). ∆U = Qp - p∆V Qp = ∆U +p∆V = (U2 U1) + p(V2 V1). , : Qp = (U2 + pV2) (U1 +pV1).
U + pV () :
H = U + pV.
(, ) :
Qp = H2 H1 = ∆H.
(∆V=0, ), A=p∆V=0,
Qv = ∆U,
.. , , .
, 10 1 . [/·]. 1 () [/· ].
, (+Q), ∆ < 0.
, (Q), ∆ > 0.
, , . . , :
2 6() + 3,5O2 = 22() + 32(), ∆ = 1559,84 .
(∆0 ∆0298) 1 , , [/].
( , T=0 K).
( ) , :
H() + Cl() = HCl()
() + H() = CH()
, . () . , . , , . , .
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> 500 /; ~ 100 ~ 20 /, ~ 15 /. (--) ~ 5 / .
: - , .
+ 2 = 2, ∆= 393,5 /;
+ ½ 2 = , ∆1= 110,5 /;
+ ½ 2 = 2, ∆2= 283,0 /;
∆ = ∆1 + ∆2= 110,5+(283,0) = 393,5 /.
:
1. .
∆0-= ∑ i ∆0298(..) ∑ j∆ 0298(.-);
A + bB = cC + dD:
∆0- = (c∆0298(C) +d∆0298(D)) (a∆0298(A) + b∆0298(B)).
2. , .
3. , , .
→, ∆1; →, ∆2; →, ∆3;
∆1 + ∆2 + ∆3 = 0.
