711. , . -, 1836 . - - . , , , -.
(-) Zn|ZnSO4, H2O||CuSO4 , H2O |Cu(+)
(-) Zn 2e- = Zn2+
(+) Cu2+ + 2e- = Cu
Zn + Cu2+ = Zn2+ + Cu
- .
712. = 298 , = 1.013*105 , 1 -/. - - . , , , -.
(-) Zn|ZnSO4, H2O||CuSO4 , H2O |Cu(+)
(-) Zn 2e- = Zn2+
(+) Cu2+ + 2e- = Cu
Zn + Cu2+ = Zn2+ + Cu
= E0(Cu2+/Cu) - E0(Zn2+/Zn) = 0.34 (-0.76) = 1.10 .
713. , , . , (Cu2+ + 2e- = Cu). , (Zn - 2e- = Zn2+).
714. : Zn + Cu2+ = Zn2+ + Cu, Fe + Pb2+ = Fe2+ + Pb, KMnO4 + FeSO4 + H2SO4 = MnSO4 + Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O, K2Cr2O7 + K2SO3 + H2SO4 = Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O.
(-) Zn|ZnSO4, H2O||CuSO4 , H2O |Cu(+)
(-) Zn 2e- = Zn2+
(+) Cu2+ + 2e- = Cu
Zn + Cu2+ = Zn2+ + Cu
715. .
(-) Zn|ZnSO4, H2O||CuSO4 , H2O |Cu(+)
(-) Zn 2e- = Zn2+
(+) Cu2+ + 2e- = Cu
Zn + Cu2+ = Zn2+ + Cu
= E0(Cu2+/Cu) - E0(Zn2+/Zn) = 0.34 (-0.76) = 1.10 .
(-)Zn|ZnSO4||AgNO3|Ag(+)
C(ZnSO4)=0.01., C(AgNO3)=0.1.,T = 27oC =300 K
(-) Zn 2e- = Zn2+
(+) Ag1+ + 1e- = Ag Zn +2Ag1+ = Zn2+ + Ag
[Zn2+] = C(ZnSO4) = /2 = 0.01/2 = 0.005 /
[Ag+] = C(AgNO3) = = 0.1 /
= E(Ag+/Ag) - E(Zn2+/Zn) = E0(Ag+/Ag) - E0(Zn2+/Zn) + = -0.8 (-0.76) + = 1.58B
716.
: C(ZnSO4)=0.01. C(AgNO3)=0.1. T = 27oC =300 K =?. | (-)Zn|ZnSO4||AgNO3|Ag(+) (-) Zn 2e- = Zn2+ (+) Ag1+ + 1e- = Ag Zn +2Ag1+ = Zn2+ + Ag [Zn2+] = C(ZnSO4) = /2 = 0.01/2 = 0.005 / [Ag+] = C(AgNO3) = = 0.1 / = E(Ag+/Ag) - E(Zn2+/Zn) = E0(Ag+/Ag) - E0(Zn2+/Zn) + = -0.8 (-0.76) + = 1.58B |
|
|
717.
: C(Mg(NO3)2)=0.2. C(SnSO4) = 0.03. T = 17oC = 290 K =?. | (-)Mg|Mg(NO3)2||SnSO4|Sn(+) (-) Mg 2e- = Mg2+ (+) Sn2+ + 2e- = Sn Mg + Sn2+ = Mg2+ + Sn [Mg2+] = C(Mg(NO3)2) = /2 = 0.2/2 = 0.1 / [Sn2+] = C(SnSO4) = /2 = 0.03/2 = 0.015 / = E(Sn2+/Sn) - E(Mg2+/Mg) = E0(Sn2+/Sn) - E0(Mg2+/Mg) + = -0.14 + 2.37 + = 2.21 . |
718.
: C(Fe(NO3)2)=0.03. C(Pb(NO3)2)=0.1. T = 37oC = 310 K =?. | (-)Fe|Fe(NO3)2|| Pb(NO3)2|Pb(+) (-) Fe 2e- = Fe2+ (+) Pb2+ + 2e- = Pb Fe + Pb2+ = Fe2+ + Pb [Fe2+] = C(Fe(NO3)2) = /2 = 0.03/2 = 0.015 / [Pb2+] = C(Pb(NO3)2) = /2 = 0.1/2 = 0.05 / = E(Pb2+/Pb) - E(Fe2+/Fe) = E0(Pb2+/Pb) - E0(Fe2+/Fe) + = -0.13 + 0.45 + = 0.34 . |
719.
: C(MnCl2)=0.01. C(CdCl2)= 0.5. T = 25oC = 298 K =?. | (-)Mn|MnCl2||CdCl2|Cd(+) (-) Mn 2e- = Mn2+ (+) Cd2+ + 2e- = Cd Mn+ Cd2+=Mn2+ +Sn [Mn+] = C(MnCl2) = C/2 = 0.01/2 = 0.005 / [Cd2+] = C(Cdl2) = /2 = 0.05/2 = 0.025 / = E(Cd2+/Cd) - E(Mn2+/Mn) = E0(Cd2+/Cd) - E0(Mn2+/Mn) + = -0.40 + 1.17 + = 0.749 . |
720.
: C(NiCl2) = 0.04. C(CuCl2)= 0.08. T = 65oC = 338 K =?. | (-)Ni|NiCl2||CuCl2|Cu(+) (-) Ni 2e- = Ni2+ (+) Cu2+ + 2e- = Cu Ni + Cu2+ = Ni2+ + Cu [Ni2+] = C(NiCl2) = /2 = 0.04/2 = 0.02 / [u2+] = C(CuCl2) = /2= 0.08/2 = 0.04 / = E(Cu2+/Cu) - E(Ni2+/Ni) = E0(Cu2+/Cu) - E0(Ni2+/Ni) + = 0.34 + 0.25 + = 0.6 . |
721.
: C(Cd(NO3)2)=0.06. C(AgNO3) = 0.05. T = 57oC = 330 K =?. | (-)Cd|Cd(NO3)2||AgNO3|Ag(+) (-) Cd 2e- = Cd2+ (+) Ag+ + e- = Ag Cd + 2Ag+ = Cd2+ + 2Ag Cd + 2AgNO3 = Cd(NO3)2 + 2Ag [Cd2+] = C(Cd(NO3)2) = /2 = 0.06/2 = 0.03 / [Ag+] = C(AgNO3) = = 0.05 / = E(Ag+/Ag) - E(Cd2+/Cd) = E0(Ag+/Ag) - E0(Cd2+/Cd) + - = 0.8 + 0.4 + - = 1.15 |
722.
: C(Sn(NO3)2)=0.07. C(Hg(NO3)2)=0.09. T = 23oC = 290 K =?. | (-)Sn|Sn(NO3)2||Hg(NO3)2|Hg(+) (-) Sn 2e- = Sn2+ (+) Hg2+ + 2e- = Hg Sn + Hg2+ = Sn2+ + Hg Sn + 2Hg(NO3)2 = Sn(NO3)2 + Hg [Sn2+]= C(Sn(NO3)2) = /2 = 0.07/2 = 0.035 / [Hg2+]= C(Hg(NO3)2) = /2 = 0.09/2 = 0.045 / = E(Hg2+/Hg) - E(Sn2+/Sn) = E0(Hg2+/Hg) - E0(Sn2+/Sn) + = 0.79 + 0.14 + = 0.94 |
723.
: C(Al2(SO4)3)=0.3. C(Bi(NO3)3)=0.3. T = 33oC = 310 K =?. | (-)Al|Al2(SO4)3||Bi(NO3)3|Bi(+) (-) Al 3e- = Al3+ (+) Bi3+ + 3e- = Bi Al + Bi3+ = Al3+ + Bi [Al3+]= C(Al2(SO4)3) = /3 = 0.3/3 = 0.1 / [Bi3+]= C(Bi(NO3)3) = /3 = 0.3/3 = 0.1 / = E(Bi3+/Bi) - E(Al3+/Al) = E0(Bi3+/Bi) - E0(Al3+/Al) + = 0.2 + 1.62 + = 1.82 |
724.
: C(CaCl2) = 0.5 . C(H2SO4)=0.02. T = 20oC = 293 K =?. | (-)Ca|CaCl2||H2SO4|H2(Pt)(+) (-) a 2e- = Ca2+ (+) 2H+ + 2e- = H2 Ca + 2H+ = Ca2+ + H2 [Ca2+] = C(CaCl2) = 0.5 = 0.25 / [+] = 2C(H2SO4) = 0.04 = 0.02 / = E(H+/H2) - E(Ca2+/Ca) = E0(H+/H2) - E0(Ca2+/Ca) + - = 0 + 2.87 + - = 2.79 . |
725.
|
|
: C(Li2SO4) = 0.1 C(AgNO3) = 0.1 T = 0oC = 273 K =?. | (-)Li|Li2SO4||AgNO3|Ag(+) (-) Li 1e- = Li+ (+) Ag+ + 1e- = Ag Li + Ag+ = Li+ + Ag [Li+] = 2C(Li2SO4) = = 0.1 / [Ag+] = C(AgNO3) = = 0.1 / = E(Ag+/Ag) - E(Li+/Li) = E0(Ag+/Ag) - E0(Li+/Li) + = 0.8 + 3.02 + = 3.82 . |
726. : (-)Li|Li2SO4||AuNO3|Au(+) = Eo(Au+/Au) - Eo(Li+/Li) = 1.68+3.02 = 4.7
727.
) . (-)Cu|CuSO4||Ag2SO4|Ag(+) E = E0(Ag+/Ag) - E0(Cu2+/Cu) = 0.8 0.34 = 0.46 . |
) . (-)Fe|FeSO4||uSO4|Cu(+) E = E0(Cu2+/Cu) - E0(Fe2+/Fe) - = 0.34 + 0.45 = 0.79 . |
728. KMnO4 + FeSO4 + H2SO4 = MnSO4 + Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O.
(-)Fe|Fe2+,Fe3+||MnO4-, Mn2+|Fe(+) |
729. K2Cr2O7 + K2SO3 + H2SO4 = Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O.
Cr2O72-,Cr3+:φ0 = 1.33 B, SO32-, SO42-: φ0 = 0.17 B |
(-)Pt| SO32-, SO42-, H+|| Cr2O72-,Cr3+, H+ |Pt(+) |
730.
(-)Pt, H2| H+|| H+ | H2, Pt(+) |
pH1 =4 pH2 = 2 |
pH = -lgC(H+), C1(H+) = 10-2 , C2(H+) = 10-4 . E0 (H2/H+) = 0 B.
E =
731. , , .
(-)Cu| CuSO4(C1 = 0.1%)|| CuSO4(C2 = 5.0%) | Cu (+) |
= (0.059/z)*lg(C2/C1) = (0.059/2)lg(5/0.1) = 0.05 . |
732. , ( , ), , . . . .
- , , . , , 30-75 . =2000 . : (-)2| , 2| O2(+)
: 22 4- + 4- = 42, : 2 + 4- + 22 = 4-
: 22 + 2 = 22.
733. , . , .. . , PbO2, . 35-40% . : (+)PbO2|H2SO4,H2O|Pb(-)
() : (+)Pb 2e - + SO42- = PbSO4 , (-)PbO2 +2e - + SO42- + 4H+ = PbSO4 + 2H2O.
: (-)PbSO4|H2SO4,H2O|PbSO4(+)
: (-)PbSO4+2e - = Pb- + SO42, (+)PbSO4 -2e - + 2H2O.= PbO2+ + SO42- + 4H+
734.
: E(Zn2+/Zn)=-0.81 C(ZnCl2) = 0.07 . a(ZnCl2) =?. | E(Zn2+/Zn) = Eo(Zn2+/Zn) + = -0.76 + (0.059/2) * lg(i*0.07) = -0.81, , i = 1.8. a = (i-1)(m-1) = (1.8-1)/(2-1) = 0.8 = 80%, m , . |
735.
: E(Ag+/Ag) = 0.59 S(Ag2CrO4) =?. | E(Ag+/Ag) = Eo(Ag+/Ag) + = 0.8 + 0.059*lg[Ag+] = 0.59, , [Ag+] = 2.8*10-4 . S = = 1.66*10-2 |
736.
: E(Ag+/Ag)=0.51 (Agl) =?. | E(Ag+/Ag) = Eo(Ag+/Ag) + = 0.8 + 0.059*lg[Ag+] = 0.51, , [Ag+] = S = 1.2*10-5 . = S2 = 1.47*10-10 (S-) |
737.
(-)Mg|Mg2+||Ag+|Ag(+) E = E0(Ag+/Ag) - E0(Mg2+/Mg) = 0.8 + 2.37 = 3.17 B ΔG0 = -zFE = -2*96500*3.17 = -611.81 / ΔG0 = -RTlnKp = 8.31*298*lnKp = 611.81, , = 1.28 |
738.
|
|
(-)Fe|Fe2+||Cu2+|Cu(+) E = E0(Cu+2/Cu) - E0(Fe2+/Fe) = 0.34 - (-0.45) = 0.79 B ΔG0 = -zFE = -2*96500*0.79 = -152.5 / ΔG0 = -RTlnKp = 8.31*298*lnKp = 152.5, , = 5.5*1026. |
739.
: C(FeSO4)=1. = 0 . C(CdSO4) =?. | (-)Fe|FeSO4||CdSO4|Cd(+) = E(Fe2+/Fe) - E(Cd2+/Cd) = E0(Fe2+/Fe) - E0(Cd2+/Cd) + . 0= -0.40 + 0.45 + , , [Cd2+] = C(CdSO4) =0.02 . |
740. , , (-)Fe|FeSO4||CdSO4|Cd(+) = E0(Fe2+/Fe) - E0(Cd2+/Cd) + . , , .
741. - , . . , : .
(-) . (+)
|
: . : Na+ + 1e = Na, : 2l- -2e = Cl2.
742. , . , . . : . , , , . (-)Na|NaCl|Cl(+). 2.71 , +1.36, 4.07. , , 4.07.
743. , (). , . , . , . , , .
744. , . , . (Sn, Pb .) , .
745. (SO42- , NO3- .), .. - : 4- + 4 - = 22 + 2, 22 4 - = 4+ + 2. . , , .
|
|
746. , , . , - , .. , , , .. . , , . (Cu-Au), , (Na-Al) . ( ) 2+ + - = 2 ( ) 22 + 2- = 2- + 2. , (Mn-Pb) , . Cl-, Br-, I-, S2- , ( F-). , - 4- - 4- = 22 + 2, 22 4- = 4+ + 2. , , . , , .. , .
747. : , m - , - , F = 96500, I - , - /. CuSO4 + H2O = Cu + H2SO4 + 1/2O2
: Cu2+ + 2e- = Cu : H2O 2e- = 2H+ + 1/2O2 | m(Cu) = = (32*20*12*3600*90%)/(96500*100%) = 258.7 |
748. , . : m - , - , F = 96500, I - , - /.
749. F = 96487 , - . , . = /F. = 32/96487 = 3.32*10-4 ., = 108/96487 = 1.12*10-3 ., NaOH = 40/96487 = 4.14*10-4 .
750. , . . .
751. CuSO4 + H2O = Cu + H2SO4 + 1/2O2
: Cu2+ + 2e- = Cu : H2O 2e- = 2H+ + 1/2O2 | m(Cu) = = (32*20*12*3600*90%)/(96500*100%) = 258.7 |
752. ZnSO4
: Zn2+ + 2 = Zn, A: 2 2 - = 2+ + 0.52. : ZnSO4 + 2 = Zn + 2SO4 + 0.52 | |
t = 10 = 36000 . = 50%, I = 50 . m(Zn) =? | m(Zn) = 310 |
753. FeSO4
: Fe2+ + 2 = Fe, A: 2 2 - = 2+ + 0.52. : FeSO4 + 2 = Fe + 2SO4 + 0.52 | |
t = 5 = 18000 . = 70%, I = 20 . m(Zn) =? | m(Fe) = 73 |
754. CuSO4
: Cu2+ + 2 = Cu, A: 2 2 - = 2+ + 0.52. : CuSO4 + 2 = Cu + 2SO4 + 0.52 | |
V(O2) = 5,64 , = 100% m(Cu) =? | (Cu) = 64/2 = 32 / , , m(Cu) = 32*5.64/5.64 =32 |
755. ZnSO4
: Zn2+ + 2 = Zn, A: 2 2 - = 2+ + 0.52. : ZnSO4 + 2 = Zn + 2SO4 + 0.52 | |
t = 6,7 = 24120 V(O2) = 5,6 , = 70% I =? | V(2) = I=5.7A. , , m(Zn) = 32.7*5.6/5.6 =32.7 |
756. K2SO4
: 22 + 2 = 2- + 2 : 2 2 - = 2+ + 0.52. : 2 = 2 + 0.52 | |
I = 26.8 A t = 10 = 36000 = 100% | V(H2) = V(O2) = 1/2V(H2) = 5 |
757. .
: 22 + 2 = 2- + 2 : 4- - 4 = 22 + 2 2 = 2 + 1/22 | |
I = 13.4 A t = 2 = 7200 = 100% | V(H2) = V(O2) = 1/2V(H2) = 0.5 |
758. Na2SO4
: 22 + 2 = 2- + 2, Na+ + OH- = NaOH : 2 2 - = 2+ + 0.52, 2+ + SO42- = H2SO4 : 2 = 2 + 0.52 | |
V(O2) = 11.2 m (H2SO4) =? | , m(H2SO4) = (11.2*49) / 5.6 = 98 . , V(H2) = (11.2*11.2) / 5.6 = 22.4 . , m(H2) = (11.2*1) / 5.6 = 2 . |
759.
|
|
: =300 =10,8*106. I = 15 . | : : Cu2+ + 2e = Cu, Fe2+ + 2e = Fe, H2O + 2e = 2OH- + 1/2H2 : 2Cl- - 2e = Cl2, H2O 2e = 2H+ + 1/2O2 m = (M/F)*Q, , F=96500, Q . (Cu) = 64/2 = 32 /, (Fe) = 56/2 = 28 /. m(Cu) = n*M = 2*63.5 = 127 . Q = m*F/M = 127*96500/32 = 3.83*105 . m(Fe) = n*M = 1*56 = 56 . Q = m*F/M = 56*96500/28 = 1.93*105 . 10.8*106*15 = 1.62*108 . 1.62*108 1.93*105 3.83*105 = 1.61*108 . , . , . |
760.
: =1 = 3600 . I = 1 . = 2. - m = 2.219 . | . = 118.9 ... - Sn. |
761.
: = 3 = 180 . I = 10 . m = 0.554 . V(Cl2) = 209 . | : , , = = (0.554*96487) / (10*180) = 29.7 /, .. : SnCl4 |
762.
: =30 =1800 . I = 1,5 . m = 1.071 . () = 3 -? | : , , = = (1.071*96487) / (1,5*1800) = 38.27 /, () = * = 3*38.27 = 114.8 ..., .. . |
763.
: = 10 =600 . I = 5 . m = 1.517 . (Pt)-? | : , , = = (1.517*96487) / (5*600) = 48.8/. |
764.
: m(Ag) = 2.3 . Q =?. | , , Q = 2055 |
765.
: I = 3 . m = 1 . =?. | , , n= = 32160 = 8.9 . |
766.
: I = 1.5 . h = 0.05 l = 100 d = 50 = 5 = 90 % =?. | ( ): V(r) = V1 V2 = l*S1 l*S2 = l(3.14*R12 3.14*R22) = 10*3.14(2.5052 2.52) = 0.7*10-4 3. p = 7.19 /, m(Cr) = V*p = 0.7*10-4*7.19 = 5.65*10-4 . (Cr) = / = 52/3 = 17.33 /. , , 2.33 |
767.
: I = 0.5 . h = 8 S = 2 2 m = 1 . =?. | : V(Au) = h*S = 8*10-4*2 = 1.6*10-3 3. m(Au) = V*p = 1.6*10-3*19.3 = 0.031 . (Au) = / = 197/3 = 65.67 /. , , . K[AuCl4] |
768. , . , , .
769. . : Cu2+ +2e- = Cu0. : 2Cl- -2e- = Cl2. : K+ + NO3- = KNO3.
770. :
: H2O + 2e = 2OH- + 1/2H2, Na+ + OH- = NaOH
: H2O 2e = 2H+ + 1/2O2, SO42- + 2H+ = H2SO4
771. , . , , . . , , , -. , .
772. , . . .
773. (, , ), . , , , . , . .
774. , , 2, H2O, SO2, SO3 . : Fe + SO3 + H2O = FeSO4 + H2
775. . Ni + 4CO = [Ni(CO)4]
776. : .. , , , , - (-) Fe!H2O, O2! Cu (+). .. , : Fe + 2Na2CO3 + 3H2O + 0.5O2 = Fe(HCO3)2 + 4NaOH
, .. , , - . , .
777.
4Au + 6H2O + 3O2 = 4Au(OH)3 ∆Go = 4∆Go(Au(OH)3) - 6∆Go(H2O) = 4*(-477.8) + 6*241.8 = - 460.4 / |
2Cu + 2H2O + O2 = 2Cu(OH)2 ∆Go = 2∆Go(Cu(OH)2) - 2∆Go(H2O) = 2*(-444.3) + 2*241.8 = - 405 / |
2Mg + 2H2O + 3O2 = 2Mg(OH)2 ∆Go = 2∆Go(Mg(OH)2) - 2∆Go(H2O) = 2*(-924.7) + 2*241.8 = - 1365.8 / |
∆Go 0, . .., .. .
778. 4OH- - 4e- = 2H2O + O2 E = 0.40, 2Cl- - 2e- = Cl2 = 1.36. , . Fe + 2HCl = FeCl2 + H2. , .
779. , . :
(-)Fe( )|H2O, O2|Fe()(+) (-): Fe( ) - 2e- = Fe2+ (+): 2H2O + O2 = 4OH- 2Fe + 2H2O + O2 = 2Fe(OH)2 |
780. , .
(-)Fe( )|H2O, O2|Fe( )(+) (-): Fe( ) - 2e- = Fe2+ (+): 2H2O + O2 = 4OH- 2Fe + 2H2O + O2 = 2Fe(OH)2 |
781. Fe + 2HCl = FeCl2 + H2, - . . , . :
(-)Fe|HCl|Cu(+), (-): Fe -2e- = Fe2+ , (+) 2H+ +2e- = H2
782. , , , . , , , , .
(-)Fe()|H2O,O2|Sn(+) (-): Fe -2e- = Fe2+ (+): 2H2O + O2 = 4OH- 2Fe + 2H2O + O2 = 2Fe(OH)2 | (-)Sn|H2O,O2|Cu()(+) (-): Sn -2e- = Sn2+ (+): 2H2O + O2 = 4OH- 2Sn + 2H2O + O2 = 2Sn(OH)2 |
783. , , .. , . o(Fe2+/Fe) = -0.44 , o(Zn2+/Zn) = -0.76 , o(Sn2+/Sn) = -0.14 , o(Cr3+/Cr) = -0.74 , o(Cd2+/Cd) = -0.40 , o(Ni2+/Ni) = -0.25 . , .. . : Zn>Cr>Cd>Ni>Sn.
784. , . (-) Al | H+ | Cu (+). E = Eo(Cu2+/Cu) - Eo(Al3+/Al) = 0.34 + 1.66 = 2 . ∆Go = -z*F*E = -6*96480*2 = -1157.8 /
785. (-)Fe|2, 2|C(+)
() Fe 2e- = Fe2+;
(+) 2H2O + O2 = 4OH-
2Fe + 2H2O + O2 = 2Fe(OH)2
786. ) (-)Al|HCl|Fe (+) , Al 3e- =Al3+, 2H+ +2e- = H2, 2Al(OH)3 = 2AlCl3 + 3H2
) (-)Al|KOH|Fe (+) , Al 3e- =Al3+, 2- +4- = 22 + 2, Al + KOH + H2O = K3[Al(OH)6] + H2
787. : Fe(OH)3, Al(OH)3, . . , , , .
788. : Fe + H2SO4 = FeSO4 + H2. , , , (CuSO4 + Fe = Cu + FeSO4) , : (-)Fe|FeSO4||CuSO4|Cu(+). . , .
789. , , . , , , .. , . .
790. , , , . , . , . :
(-)Zn|H2O, O2|Fe (+) |
(-)Fe|H2O, O2|Al (+) |
791. , . . , , , .
792. , . , , , , , , . , . , , , , .
793. , . .
795. , , , . , .
796. . . .
797. , . , , . , . : , , , , .
798. , . :Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl = FeCl3 + 3H2O.
799. - , , (SnS2, TiN). , , .
800.
: = 30 . I = 100. D = 9 . S = 20 2 = 7.6 /3 100 / | ) V = D*S = 0.9*20 = 18 3 ) m = V*p = 18*7.6 = 136.8 ) 1 . Fe ) 136.8/(0.87*100) = 1.5 |
831. (), (...), (..), (..).
832. : () () (...) (..) (..) .
833. : ( ), ( , ) .
834. ( ), ( H2S), ( ).
835. , MnO2 SO2.
836. 2 , .
837. , ( ) , - ( ).
838. , , , .
839. : : . , , .
840. : , , , .
841. - , , . CuSO4. : Cu2+ +2e -= Cu0. : H2O - 2e- = 2H+ + 1/2O2. - - , .
842. ( ) , , , , . .
843. (0). ( ) , , , , . .
844. : , . , (), , , . .
845. . , , , ..
846. . (Be2+, Al3+, Cr3+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Co2+, Zn2+, Ni2+ .) NaOH. : Be(OH)2, Ti(OH)4, Zr(OH)4, Mn(OH)2, Al()OH)3, Zn(OH)2, Cr(OH)3, Fe(OH)2, Ni(OH)2, Fe(OH)3, Co(OH)2, Mn(OH)4, Ni(OH)3, Co(OH)3, UO2(OH)2. Fe3+:
) 4Fe3+ + 3[Fe(CN)6]4+ = Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 -
) Fe3+ + 3SCN- = Fe(SCN)3 -
847.
. | ||
I () | Hg2+ , Ag+ , Pb2+ | HCl |
II () | Ba2+, Ca2+, Sr2+ | H2SO4 |
III() | Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+ | NaOH |
IV () | Al3+, Zn2+, Cr3+, Sn2+ | NaOH () |
V () | Cu2+, Ni2+ | NH4OH |
VI | Na+, K+, NH4+ |
VI , .. , .
848. 3 : (SO42-, CO32-, PO43-, SiO32-, SO32-, S2O32-), - BaCl2. (Cl-, Br-, I-, S2- .), - AgNO3 . : NO3-, NO2- , .
849. ) (2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Ra2+). - NaOH, H2SO4. . . (Be2+, Al3+, Fe2+, Ni2+ .). - NaOH. .
2+ + 2- = ()2
Sr2+ + H2SO4 = SrSO4 + 2H+
Ni2+ + 2OH- = Ni(OH)2 ..
850. (Be2+, Al3+, Cr3+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Co2+, Zn2+, Ni2+ .): NaOH. : Be(OH)2, Ti(OH)4, Zr(OH)4, Mn(OH)2, Al()OH)3, Zn(OH)2, Cr(OH)3, Fe(OH)2, Ni(OH)2, Fe(OH)3, Co(OH)2, Mn(OH)4, Ni(OH)3, Co(OH)3, UO2(OH)2. :
Fe3+ + 3OH- = Fe(OH)3 | Co3+ + 2OH- = Co(OH)2 | Zr4+ + 4OH- = Zr(OH)4 |
(Hg2+, Cu2+, Bi3+, Cd2+, Pd2+, Sn2+, Sn4+, As3+ .): NaOH. : Sn(OH)2, Cd(OH)2, Bi(OH)3, Au(OH)3, Pd(OH)2, - Ir(OH)3, Ir(OH)4 . . :
Hg2+ + 2OH- = Hg(OH)2 = HgO + |