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541.1+541.18 (076.1)

60

: . . , . . , . . , . .

 

 

: / .. , .. , .. , .. - . 2-, . . : - . -, 2009. - 79 .

 

, . .

.

 

30.07.09. 60 ´ 841/16.

. . . 4,42. 300 . 1029

 

430005 , . , 24

 

 


 

, - . . - , , , , , .

- , .

, , - . . , , - . . , , .

 


 

:   10, 26, 42, 74, 81 4, 21, 38, 55, 72 14, 31, 48, 49, 86 12, 27, 42, 57, 72 2, 19, 34, 66, 84 12, 29, 44, 61, 88 6, 24, 42, 60, 78 16, 18, 36, 54, 72 2, 32, 46, 60, 74 11, 28, 45, 60,75
  9, 25, 41, 57, 88 3, 20, 37, 61, 82 13, 30, 47, 64, 87 11, 26, 41, 56, 86 1, 18, 33, 50, 65 11, 28, 60, 73, 75 5, 23, 41, 59, 77 15, 17, 35, 81, 85 1, 31, 45, 59, 76 12, 29, 46, 61, 76
  8, 24, 40, 56, 72 2, 3, 19, 55, 70 12, 29, 46, 63, 80 10, 25, 40, 55, 70 2, 19, 34, 80, 83 10, 27, 42, 59, 74 4, 22, 40, 82, 76 14, 32, 34, 52, 84 16, 30, 44, 72, 82 13, 30, 47, 62, 77
  7, 23, 39, 55, 86 1, 18, 33, 35, 69 11, 28, 45, 62, 79 9, 24, 39, 54, 74 3, 18, 39, 64, 79 9, 14, 26, 41, 87 3, 21, 39, 57, 75 13, 31, 33, 51, 69 15, 29, 48, 57, 81 14, 31, 48, 71, 78
  6, 22, 38, 54, 87 16, 32, 48, 64, 80 10, 27, 44, 61, 78 8, 23, 38, 68, 79 2, 17, 48, 63, 78 8, 25, 40, 57, 72 2, 20, 38, 56, 74 12, 30, 50, 68, 88 14, 28, 42, 71, 86 8, 22, 36, 80, 84
  5, 21, 37, 69, 85 15, 31, 47, 63, 79 9, 26, 43, 60, 77 7, 22, 37, 67, 87 1, 32, 38, 62, 77 7, 24, 39, 56, 80 1, 19, 37, 55, 63 11, 29, 47, 67, 76 13, 27, 41, 55, 69 7, 21, 35, 79, 83
  4, 20, 36, 68, 84 30, 50, 58, 62, 78 8, 25, 42, 59, 76 6, 21, 36, 66, 85 16, 31, 46, 61, 76 6, 23, 38, 55, 70 16, 17, 48, 80, 81 10, 28, 46, 64, 78 12, 50, 40, 54, 80 6, 20, 34, 64, 78
  3, 19, 35, 67, 78 13, 29, 45, 61, 77 7, 24, 41, 75, 83 5, 20, 35, 61, 65 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 5, 22, 37, 54, 76 15, 32, 47, 64, 79 9, 27, 45, 57, 63 11, 25, 39, 67, 85 5, 19, 33, 51, 77
  2, 18, 34, 61, 66 12, 28, 44, 60, 76 6, 23, 40, 57, 74 16, 17, 34, 68, 84 14, 29, 44, 74, 82 4, 21, 36, 68, 85 10, 31, 46, 54, 78 8, 26, 62, 73, 80 10, 24, 38, 66, 87 4, 18, 48, 62, 76
  1, 17, 33, 49, 65 11, 23, 27, 59, 75 5, 22, 39, 56, 85 15, 32, 33, 50, 67 13, 28, 43, 55, 81 3, 20, 35, 67, 78 13, 30, 45, 62, 77 7, 25, 43, 61, 79 9, 23, 37, 61, 65 3, 17, 47, 61, 75
- -                    

:

 

 

1. , 18 , 2805 /.

( = 101,325 )

6126() + 6 2() = 6 2() + 6 2(), .

1 , , 2805 / . 180 /, 18 0,1 . , 18 :

.

2. (IV). ( () 1):

1

, /
CO(NH2)2 () 333,20
2 () 285,85
2() 393,50
N3() 47,70

 

?

:

CO(NH2)2() + 2() = 2() + 2 N3() .

1- , .

:

n .

.

P = const V = const, . C , , . , , . . .

3. , 1 1785,73 / , 2() 2() 285,85 / 393,50 /.

1 :

3() + 32() + 2() 33() (1)

:

33() + 42() = 32() + 32(); (2)

() + 2() = 2(); (3)

2() + 2() = 2(); (4)

(3) (4) , 2 2 .

(2) - (4) , (1). 2- , :

, , .

4. . , 2.

2

, / , /(×)
537,23 103,00
746,01 189,95
2() 285,85 69,54

:

2N CH2COOH + 2N CH2COOH =

= 2N CH2CON CH2COOH + H2O.

1- :

:

- :

, , . . .

 

 

 

1. . "", "", " ", "".

2. ? , : ) ; ) ; ) .

3. ?

4. ? , : H2O, CO2, C6H12O6.

5. , .

6. ? ?

7. . ?

8. ? .

9. : ) , ; ) ; ) ? ?

10. H , .

11. ?

12. ?

13. - ?

14. :

256 /, 237 / . . , , , , , , ? (493 /)

15. ?

16. , , -? ?

17. " " ()?

18. , ?

19. , ?

20. ?

21. ?

22. ) , = const, ) V,T = const?

23. : ) ; ) ; ) 2() + 2() = 2().

24. .

25. .

26. ? .

27. ?

28. , . , ?

29. , , ( )?

30. , - , = onst:

) SO2() + O2()= SO3(),

) 2Hl() = H2() + Cl2(),

) 2H2() + O2() = 2H2O(),

31. H2() + O2() = H2O()
285,85 / 298 101,325 . .

32. .

33. (IV) 393,0 285,85 /. (/) ? (32,75 /; 142,9 /)

34. SO2+ O2=SO3 . . .

35. ?

36. ?

37. () ?

38. 16,80 /. ?

39. (IV) , :

1) 2N() + 2() = 2N2() ,

2) N24() = 2N2(),

40. , : ) , ; ) , . .

41. ?

42. : ) ; ) ; ) ?

43. ? .

44. , , , - .

45. "" ?

46. :

1) 2O() + O2() = 2O2(),

2) O2() + () = 2O(),

47. ?

48. H ?

49. . , . .

50. , .

51. ?

52. :

C2H4() + H2O() = C2H5OH(),

CO2() + 2H2S() = 2H2O() + CS2(),

3H2() + CO() = CH4() + H2O(),

2H2O() + 3CO() = CH3OH() + 2CO2(),

CaCO3() = CaO() + CO2(),

53. , :

4HCl() + O2() = 2H2O() + 2Cl2();

2NO2() + O3() = O2() + N2O5();

CH4() + 2O2() = CO2() + 2H2O();

2H2() + 2CO() = CH4() + CO2();

H2() + Cl2() = 2HCl().

54. :

1) C6H12O6() = 2C2H5OH() + 2CO2();

2) C6H12O6() + 6O2() = 6CO2() + 6H2O().

55. 380 , 15 % , 20 % , 35 % 30 % , 17,1 /, 38,0 /, 17,1 /. (6137 )

56. 122211, :

C12H22O11() + 12O2()= 122() + 11H2O(),

() + O2() = CO2(),

2()+ O2() = H2O(),

(2218 /)

57. 563,17 . , , 2815,83 /. (0,2 )

58. , :

1) 4() + 22() = 2() + 22();

2) N2() + 32() = 2NH3().

59. , 1 , () (), ()2() 2() 635,10; 986,20; 285,85 /. (1165,18 )

60. 150 , 25(), 2() 2() 277,80; 393,50 285,85 /. (4456,8 )

61. q qv 25 :

1) CO() + 3H2() = CH4() + H2O();

2) C2H5OH() = C2H4() + H2O().

62. 1 298 58,0 . ?

63. 2 285,85 . . (282,3 )

64. 46 1367,7 . , 285,85 393,50 /. (276, 85 /)

65. 12H2211 (),

12H2211 () + 122 () = 122 () + 11H2()

5694 , H2() 2() 285,85 393,50 /. (2172, 35 /)

66. , 25 ? (282,3 )

67. (C15H31COOH), 1 298 9796 , CO2() H2() 393,5 285,85 /.(1073,6 /)

68. 822 /. , 160 . (8220 )

69. 1300 . , :

(228,15 /)

70. 25

2H5H() + O2() = CH3COOH() + H2O(),

1367,7 872,1 /. (495,6 )

71. :

1) N2() + O2() = 2NO(); 2) 6126() + 62() = 6CO2() + 6H2O().

72. 2880 . 1140 . 0,5 ? (3,16 )

73. ? .

74. N2O4() = 2NO2(), () NO2() N2O4() 51,84 98,82 / . (0,14; 5,65105)

75. +(Na+) 300 , 23 , 0,66 . +(Na+)? (78,87 /)

76. () 1 5×103. . (0 /; 13,127 /)

77. + H2O = + HO42 + H+, 20 , 30 . (33,56 /)

78. 17 /, - 38 /. , , ~ 10500 . , 300 . (142 )

79. , , 1103. 298 ?

80. 298 29,58 16,57 / , 25,5 39,3 /(×) . ?

81. , 3.

 

3

, / , /(×)
2() 393,51 213,82
() 635,09 39,77
3() 1206,83 88,8

 

25 ? (178,23 ; 164,79 /)

82. , :

S() + O2() = SO2(),

CS2() + 3O2() = CO2()+ 2SO2(),

() + O2() = CO2(),

(120,9 /)

83. 298 976,7 /.

NH2CH2COOH() + 2 2 = 22() + 2 2 ()+ N2()

,

(524,9 /)

84. 30,9 /, 9,7 /. , 100 20 ? (1588 )

85. (II) 298 , 4:

 

4

, / , /(×)
() 110,60 197,68
2()   130,66
3() 202,10 239,90

 

86. () + 2H2() = CH4() 700 750 0,195 0,118. (). (83,14 )

87. 6H5Cl() + NH3() = 6H5NH2() + HCl() , 6H5Cl(), NH3(), 6H5NH2(), HCl() : 198,4; 16,63; 153,1; 95,28 /.

88. :

4HCl() + O2() = 2H2O() + 2Cl2(),

HCl(), O2(), H2O(), Cl2() 186,92; 205,17; 188,85; 223,13 /(). (128,89 /)

 

       
   
 
 
 
 


:   15, 24, 32, 61, 81 5, 8, 9, 63, 76 33, 35, 37, 59, 65 18, 23, 50, 55, 82 44, 46, 47, 71, 84 2, 11, 42, 57, 86 22, 39, 45, 74, 79 7, 10, 21, 36, 53 22, 41, 49, 60, 64 2, 20, 32, 67, 83
  22, 28, 50, 58, 79 4, 7, 47, 60, 75 20, 26, 30, 64, 88 10, 13, 49, 54, 80 36, 39, 45, 68, 81 1, 9, 32, 51, 85 19, 38, 41, 72, 77 2, 6, 33, 75, 87 12, 19, 40, 59, 62 28, 31, 48, 65, 87
  19, 25, 49, 57, 77 3, 45, 48, 59, 74 17, 29, 43, 62, 84 6, 12, 14, 53, 78 2, 38, 41, 67, 79 8, 28, 43, 56, 83 18, 35, 40, 71, 73 5, 34, 44, 72, 86 11, 18, 37, 61, 88 8, 25, 46, 64, 76
  12, 18, 23, 56, 73 41, 44, 46, 72, 86 24, 27, 42, 61, 81 5, 11, 31, 52, 76 1, 35, 40, 65, 77 25, 43, 46, 54, 82 14, 26, 37, 68, 70 1, 4, 20, 68, 85 9, 14, 30, 58, 84 23, 39, 50, 62, 72
  10, 11, 14, 55, 70 36, 39, 40, 71, 85 16, 22, 32, 58, 79 4, 8, 9, 51, 75 20, 26, 37, 64, 73 21, 23, 24, 39, 80 13, 17, 30, 67, 69 3, 44, 50, 71, 82 12, 29, 34, 57, 81 10, 38, 49, 61, 86
  6, 9, 13, 54, 69 2, 37, 38, 68, 82 15, 19, 28, 57, 77 3, 7, 21, 44, 74 17, 30, 34, 62, 70 10, 22, 38, 55, 78 29, 31, 33, 59, 65 31, 36, 49, 67, 83 27, 42, 50, 56, 79 6, 12, 35, 58, 66
  5, 31, 44, 53, 66 1, 30, 35, 67, 83 18, 25, 50, 56, 73 36, 47, 48, 72, 87 29,42, 43, 61, 69 6, 19, 35, 52, 76 8, 27, 34, 63, 64 2, 8, 12, 65, 80 16, 32, 49, 55, 77 5, 11, 26, 57, 85
  4, 8, 36, 52, 63 26, 29, 34, 65, 80 14, 23, 49, 55, 70 2, 45, 46, 71, 86 24, 27, 32, 58, 66 5, 18, 26, 53, 75 16, 20, 50, 60, 62 1, 7, 11, 78, 88 12, 15, 28, 54, 73 4, 9, 17, 56, 74
  2, 3, 7, 51, 60 17, 20, 27, 64, 87 10, 12, 13, 54, 69 1, 39, 41, 68, 85 16, 22, 28, 57, 63 4, 14, 17, 59, 74 15, 44, 49, 61, 66 9, 43, 48, 76, 84 11, 25, 31, 52, 69 3, 43, 47, 53, 71
  1, 17, 21, 33, 59 16, 42, 43, 62, 78 6, 11, 31, 53, 66 34, 38, 40, 67, 83 15, 19, 25, 56, 60 3, 13, 48, 72, 88 7, 12, 36, 58, 87 24, 46, 47, 75, 81 8, 9, 23, 51, 74 24, 45, 50 52, 63,
- -                    

 

:

 

 

1. 2,5. , 10 ? ( 20 ).

10 2 - 4 :

= = g n,

n =

2 1 = 293 10, g = 2,5,

n:

g n = 10; 2,5 n = 10.

:

n lg 2,5 = lg 10,

n = = = 2,5.

T 2 = 10 n + T 1 = 10×2,5 + 293 = 318,1 K (45,1C).

2. 50 C 0,07 1. , , 0,01 /, 10 ? 50 C?

:

k = lg .

t = lg

: = = 0,1×0,01 = 0,001 /

t = lg = 32,86 .

, . . , 2 ,

t1/2 = = = 9,86 .

3. , 295 305 .

:

lg = ();

, ;

E = = = 51,59 /.

 

 

 

1. , .

2. . ?

3. ? ? .

4. ? .

5. ? .

6. ? .

7. ? , .

8. ?

9. ? .

10. :

FeCl3 + 3 KNCS = 3 Kl + Fe(NCS)3,

, .

11. ?

12. , ( )?

13. .

14. ?

15. . ?

16. ? ?

17. .

18. , , ? ? .

19. , , ?

20. .

21. . . 105 103 1. , 6×105 1, . (11500 .)

22. ? .

23. () , . , = f (t), 1013/(×). . ?

24. (II) 42 7,1 /. H22 ?

25. ?

26. ?

27. ? .

28. ?

29. ? .

30. ? .

31. . ?

32. /(×). ? .

33. ( ) ? .

34. ? ?

35. - .

36. : . . , . ?

37. . ?

38. ? .

39. ? .

40. pH .

41. , . 106. ?

42. ? ?

43. (k 2 = 3,5×107 1) , Fe2+ (k 1 = 56,0 1)? ?

44. ?

45. ? ?

46. (IV) . - ?

47. ?

48. .

49. , ?

50. 37 , 450 500 . .

51. 30 % 60 . ( 99,9% )? (1163 )

52. + → 2D . , 300 20 %. 70 %? (2800 )

53. , 15 , 293 2 . 3. (312 )

54. M + 3L = 2D, M 4 , L ? ( 16 )

55. , , . (1:3.)

56. 131. 8 . 90 %? (26,8 )

57. 13,6 . , 90 % . (46 )

58. 20 0,01 0,02 NH 10 % 23 . , ? (115 )

59. 1,1 +2,2 . . - ? (130,08 /)

60. 10 . , 300 , , , . (53,35 /)

61. COCl2 = CO + Cl2 109 5×103 1. 100 , 1 /? (0,396 )

62. 40 1 . (20 C), , 2. (4 )

63. ( 1- ) 60 15,32 . 50 %. 90 % . , , 20 ? (51 .)

64. 20
1,5×109 1. ( 10 % ) . (2,23 )

65. . 9,93 . ? (0,81)

66. , 50 60 ? (98,24 /)

67. 0,025 . 3,82 . (%) 2 ? (8 %)

68. . ( 80%- ) , :

 

t,          
C(2H5Cl), / 0,312 0,258 0,186 0,085 0,047

 

, . (0,0496 1, 14 .)

69. 353 90 . , 293 , 75,7 /. (12,3 )

70. (20 ) 1,5×1091. ( 10 % ) (5 ), 60 /. (2,23 ; 22,07 )

71. "-" . :

 

t,          
C(+), / 4,60 4,40 4,20 4,08 3,53

 

. (0,0109 1)

72. 90Sr . 28,1 . , 1 . ) 18 , ) 70 ? () 0,64 ; ) 0,18 )

73. 64,79 / 20 1,2 1. 0 . (0,17 1)

74. 2. 390 , 362 7,5×104 1. (5,22103 1)

75. 298 ( ). 7×105 1. , 75 % . (2,74 ; 5,5 )

76. 5,081×102 1. , 50 %. (13,6 )

77. 109 5×103 1, 209 6,76×101 1. 150 . (75,14 /; 4,5×102 1)

78. 1 5 600 . , 30 . (49,4 .)

79. 40- 0,66 1. 55,2 /. 30 40- ? (27,85 %)

80. " " :

 

,        
(t=50 C) C, %   99,79 99,38 98,91
(t=80 C) C, %   99,58 98,86 97,80

 

( 10 % ) 20 . (1,22 )

81. 20 40 % 50 . , 36 /. (357,15 )

82. 14 6,85 %. , pp ( 10 % ). (0,005 1; 136 ; 21 )

83. , 80 90 1,64×10‑6 1 4,20×106 1. ( 10 % ) 20 . (2,22 )

84. 313 0,66 1, - 55,2 /. 50% 263 ? (59 .)

85. 460 - 3,5×102 1, 518 3,43×101 1. 486 . (1,48; 9,78102 1)

86. 5 % - 3. 20 " " , 80 ? (59,8)

87. :





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