,
541.1+541.18 (076.1)
60
: . . , . . , . . , . .
: / .. , .. , .. , .. - . 2-, . . : - . -, 2009. - 79 .
, . .
.
30.07.09. 60 ´ 841/16.
. . . 4,42. 300 . 1029
430005 , . , 24
, - . . - , , , , , .
- , .
, , - . . , , - . . , , .
: | 10, 26, 42, 74, 81 | 4, 21, 38, 55, 72 | 14, 31, 48, 49, 86 | 12, 27, 42, 57, 72 | 2, 19, 34, 66, 84 | 12, 29, 44, 61, 88 | 6, 24, 42, 60, 78 | 16, 18, 36, 54, 72 | 2, 32, 46, 60, 74 | 11, 28, 45, 60,75 | |||
9, 25, 41, 57, 88 | 3, 20, 37, 61, 82 | 13, 30, 47, 64, 87 | 11, 26, 41, 56, 86 | 1, 18, 33, 50, 65 | 11, 28, 60, 73, 75 | 5, 23, 41, 59, 77 | 15, 17, 35, 81, 85 | 1, 31, 45, 59, 76 | 12, 29, 46, 61, 76 | ||||
8, 24, 40, 56, 72 | 2, 3, 19, 55, 70 | 12, 29, 46, 63, 80 | 10, 25, 40, 55, 70 | 2, 19, 34, 80, 83 | 10, 27, 42, 59, 74 | 4, 22, 40, 82, 76 | 14, 32, 34, 52, 84 | 16, 30, 44, 72, 82 | 13, 30, 47, 62, 77 | ||||
7, 23, 39, 55, 86 | 1, 18, 33, 35, 69 | 11, 28, 45, 62, 79 | 9, 24, 39, 54, 74 | 3, 18, 39, 64, 79 | 9, 14, 26, 41, 87 | 3, 21, 39, 57, 75 | 13, 31, 33, 51, 69 | 15, 29, 48, 57, 81 | 14, 31, 48, 71, 78 | ||||
6, 22, 38, 54, 87 | 16, 32, 48, 64, 80 | 10, 27, 44, 61, 78 | 8, 23, 38, 68, 79 | 2, 17, 48, 63, 78 | 8, 25, 40, 57, 72 | 2, 20, 38, 56, 74 | 12, 30, 50, 68, 88 | 14, 28, 42, 71, 86 | 8, 22, 36, 80, 84 | ||||
5, 21, 37, 69, 85 | 15, 31, 47, 63, 79 | 9, 26, 43, 60, 77 | 7, 22, 37, 67, 87 | 1, 32, 38, 62, 77 | 7, 24, 39, 56, 80 | 1, 19, 37, 55, 63 | 11, 29, 47, 67, 76 | 13, 27, 41, 55, 69 | 7, 21, 35, 79, 83 | ||||
4, 20, 36, 68, 84 | 30, 50, 58, 62, 78 | 8, 25, 42, 59, 76 | 6, 21, 36, 66, 85 | 16, 31, 46, 61, 76 | 6, 23, 38, 55, 70 | 16, 17, 48, 80, 81 | 10, 28, 46, 64, 78 | 12, 50, 40, 54, 80 | 6, 20, 34, 64, 78 | ||||
3, 19, 35, 67, 78 | 13, 29, 45, 61, 77 | 7, 24, 41, 75, 83 | 5, 20, 35, 61, 65 | 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 | 5, 22, 37, 54, 76 | 15, 32, 47, 64, 79 | 9, 27, 45, 57, 63 | 11, 25, 39, 67, 85 | 5, 19, 33, 51, 77 | ||||
2, 18, 34, 61, 66 | 12, 28, 44, 60, 76 | 6, 23, 40, 57, 74 | 16, 17, 34, 68, 84 | 14, 29, 44, 74, 82 | 4, 21, 36, 68, 85 | 10, 31, 46, 54, 78 | 8, 26, 62, 73, 80 | 10, 24, 38, 66, 87 | 4, 18, 48, 62, 76 | ||||
1, 17, 33, 49, 65 | 11, 23, 27, 59, 75 | 5, 22, 39, 56, 85 | 15, 32, 33, 50, 67 | 13, 28, 43, 55, 81 | 3, 20, 35, 67, 78 | 13, 30, 45, 62, 77 | 7, 25, 43, 61, 79 | 9, 23, 37, 61, 65 | 3, 17, 47, 61, 75 | ||||
- | - |
:
|
|
1. , 18 , 2805 /.
( = 101,325 )
6126() + 6 2() = 6 2() + 6 2(), .
1 , , 2805 / . 180 /, 18 0,1 . , 18 :
.
2. (IV). ( () 1):
1
, / | |
CO(NH2)2 () | 333,20 |
2 () | 285,85 |
2() | 393,50 |
N3() | 47,70 |
?
:
CO(NH2)2() + 2() = 2() + 2 N3() .
1- , .
:
n .
|
|
.
P = const V = const, . C , , . , , . . .
3. , 1 1785,73 / , 2() 2() 285,85 / 393,50 /.
1 :
3() + 32() + 2() 33() (1)
:
33() + 42() = 32() + 32(); (2)
() + 2() = 2(); (3)
2() + 2() = 2(); (4)
(3) (4) , 2 2 .
(2) - (4) , (1). 2- , :
, , .
4. . , 2.
2
, / | , /(×) | |
537,23 | 103,00 | |
746,01 | 189,95 | |
2() | 285,85 | 69,54 |
:
2N CH2COOH + 2N CH2COOH =
= 2N CH2CON CH2COOH + H2O.
1- :
:
- :
, , . . .
1. . "", "", " ", "".
2. ? , : ) ; ) ; ) .
3. ?
4. ? , : H2O, CO2, C6H12O6.
5. , .
6. ? ?
7. . ?
8. ? .
9. : ) , ; ) ; ) ? ?
10. H , .
11. ?
|
|
12. ?
13. - ?
14. :
256 /, 237 / . . , , , , , , ? (493 /)
15. ?
16. , , -? ?
17. " " ()?
18. , ?
19. , ?
20. ?
21. ?
22. ) , = const, ) V,T = const?
23. : ) ; ) ; ) 2() + 2() = 2().
24. .
25. .
26. ? .
27. ?
28. , . , ?
29. , , ( )?
30. , - , = onst:
) SO2() + O2()= SO3(),
) 2Hl() = H2() + Cl2(),
) 2H2() + O2() = 2H2O(),
31. H2() + O2() = H2O()
285,85 / 298 101,325 . .
32. .
33. (IV) 393,0 285,85 /. (/) ? (32,75 /; 142,9 /)
34. SO2+ O2=SO3 . . .
35. ?
36. ?
37. () ?
38. 16,80 /. ?
|
|
39. (IV) , :
1) 2N() + 2() = 2N2() ,
2) N24() = 2N2(),
40. , : ) , ; ) , . .
41. ?
42. : ) ; ) ; ) ?
43. ? .
44. , , , - .
45. "" ?
46. :
1) 2O() + O2() = 2O2(),
2) O2() + () = 2O(),
47. ?
48. H ?
49. . , . .
50. , .
51. ?
52. :
C2H4() + H2O() = C2H5OH(),
CO2() + 2H2S() = 2H2O() + CS2(),
3H2() + CO() = CH4() + H2O(),
2H2O() + 3CO() = CH3OH() + 2CO2(),
CaCO3() = CaO() + CO2(),
53. , :
4HCl() + O2() = 2H2O() + 2Cl2();
2NO2() + O3() = O2() + N2O5();
CH4() + 2O2() = CO2() + 2H2O();
2H2() + 2CO() = CH4() + CO2();
H2() + Cl2() = 2HCl().
54. :
1) C6H12O6() = 2C2H5OH() + 2CO2();
2) C6H12O6() + 6O2() = 6CO2() + 6H2O().
55. 380 , 15 % , 20 % , 35 % 30 % , 17,1 /, 38,0 /, 17,1 /. (6137 )
56. 122211, :
C12H22O11() + 12O2()= 122() + 11H2O(),
() + O2() = CO2(),
2()+ O2() = H2O(),
(2218 /)
57. 563,17 . , , 2815,83 /. (0,2 )
58. , :
1) 4() + 22() = 2() + 22();
2) N2() + 32() = 2NH3().
59. , 1 , () (), ()2() 2() 635,10; 986,20; 285,85 /. (1165,18 )
60. 150 , 25(), 2() 2() 277,80; 393,50 285,85 /. (4456,8 )
61. q qv 25 :
1) CO() + 3H2() = CH4() + H2O();
2) C2H5OH() = C2H4() + H2O().
62. 1 298 58,0 . ?
63. 2 285,85 . . (282,3 )
64. 46 1367,7 . , 285,85 393,50 /. (276, 85 /)
65. 12H2211 (),
|
|
12H2211 () + 122 () = 122 () + 11H2()
5694 , H2() 2() 285,85 393,50 /. (2172, 35 /)
66. , 25 ? (282,3 )
67. (C15H31COOH), 1 298 9796 , CO2() H2() 393,5 285,85 /.(1073,6 /)
68. 822 /. , 160 . (8220 )
69. 1300 . , :
(228,15 /)
70. 25
2H5H() + O2() = CH3COOH() + H2O(),
1367,7 872,1 /. (495,6 )
71. :
1) N2() + O2() = 2NO(); 2) 6126() + 62() = 6CO2() + 6H2O().
72. 2880 . 1140 . 0,5 ? (3,16 )
73. ? .
74. N2O4() = 2NO2(), () NO2() N2O4() 51,84 98,82 / . (0,14; 5,65105)
75. +(Na+) 300 , 23 , 0,66 . +(Na+)? (78,87 /)
76. () 1 5×103. . (0 /; 13,127 /)
77. + H2O = + HO42 + H+, 20 , 30 . (33,56 /)
78. 17 /, - 38 /. , , ~ 10500 . , 300 . (142 )
79. , , 1103. 298 ?
80. 298 29,58 16,57 / , 25,5 39,3 /(×) . ?
81. , 3.
3
, / | , /(×) | |
2() | 393,51 | 213,82 |
() | 635,09 | 39,77 |
3() | 1206,83 | 88,8 |
25 ? (178,23 ; 164,79 /)
82. , :
S() + O2() = SO2(),
CS2() + 3O2() = CO2()+ 2SO2(),
() + O2() = CO2(),
(120,9 /)
83. 298 976,7 /.
NH2CH2COOH() + 2 2 = 22() + 2 2 ()+ N2()
,
(524,9 /)
84. 30,9 /, 9,7 /. , 100 20 ? (1588 )
85. (II) 298 , 4:
4
, / | , /(×) | |
() | 110,60 | 197,68 |
2() | 130,66 | |
3() | 202,10 | 239,90 |
86. () + 2H2() = CH4() 700 750 0,195 0,118. (). (83,14 )
87. 6H5Cl() + NH3() = 6H5NH2() + HCl() , 6H5Cl(), NH3(), 6H5NH2(), HCl() : 198,4; 16,63; 153,1; 95,28 /.
88. :
4HCl() + O2() = 2H2O() + 2Cl2(),
HCl(), O2(), H2O(), Cl2() 186,92; 205,17; 188,85; 223,13 /(). (128,89 /)
: | 15, 24, 32, 61, 81 | 5, 8, 9, 63, 76 | 33, 35, 37, 59, 65 | 18, 23, 50, 55, 82 | 44, 46, 47, 71, 84 | 2, 11, 42, 57, 86 | 22, 39, 45, 74, 79 | 7, 10, 21, 36, 53 | 22, 41, 49, 60, 64 | 2, 20, 32, 67, 83 | |||
22, 28, 50, 58, 79 | 4, 7, 47, 60, 75 | 20, 26, 30, 64, 88 | 10, 13, 49, 54, 80 | 36, 39, 45, 68, 81 | 1, 9, 32, 51, 85 | 19, 38, 41, 72, 77 | 2, 6, 33, 75, 87 | 12, 19, 40, 59, 62 | 28, 31, 48, 65, 87 | ||||
19, 25, 49, 57, 77 | 3, 45, 48, 59, 74 | 17, 29, 43, 62, 84 | 6, 12, 14, 53, 78 | 2, 38, 41, 67, 79 | 8, 28, 43, 56, 83 | 18, 35, 40, 71, 73 | 5, 34, 44, 72, 86 | 11, 18, 37, 61, 88 | 8, 25, 46, 64, 76 | ||||
12, 18, 23, 56, 73 | 41, 44, 46, 72, 86 | 24, 27, 42, 61, 81 | 5, 11, 31, 52, 76 | 1, 35, 40, 65, 77 | 25, 43, 46, 54, 82 | 14, 26, 37, 68, 70 | 1, 4, 20, 68, 85 | 9, 14, 30, 58, 84 | 23, 39, 50, 62, 72 | ||||
10, 11, 14, 55, 70 | 36, 39, 40, 71, 85 | 16, 22, 32, 58, 79 | 4, 8, 9, 51, 75 | 20, 26, 37, 64, 73 | 21, 23, 24, 39, 80 | 13, 17, 30, 67, 69 | 3, 44, 50, 71, 82 | 12, 29, 34, 57, 81 | 10, 38, 49, 61, 86 | ||||
6, 9, 13, 54, 69 | 2, 37, 38, 68, 82 | 15, 19, 28, 57, 77 | 3, 7, 21, 44, 74 | 17, 30, 34, 62, 70 | 10, 22, 38, 55, 78 | 29, 31, 33, 59, 65 | 31, 36, 49, 67, 83 | 27, 42, 50, 56, 79 | 6, 12, 35, 58, 66 | ||||
5, 31, 44, 53, 66 | 1, 30, 35, 67, 83 | 18, 25, 50, 56, 73 | 36, 47, 48, 72, 87 | 29,42, 43, 61, 69 | 6, 19, 35, 52, 76 | 8, 27, 34, 63, 64 | 2, 8, 12, 65, 80 | 16, 32, 49, 55, 77 | 5, 11, 26, 57, 85 | ||||
4, 8, 36, 52, 63 | 26, 29, 34, 65, 80 | 14, 23, 49, 55, 70 | 2, 45, 46, 71, 86 | 24, 27, 32, 58, 66 | 5, 18, 26, 53, 75 | 16, 20, 50, 60, 62 | 1, 7, 11, 78, 88 | 12, 15, 28, 54, 73 | 4, 9, 17, 56, 74 | ||||
2, 3, 7, 51, 60 | 17, 20, 27, 64, 87 | 10, 12, 13, 54, 69 | 1, 39, 41, 68, 85 | 16, 22, 28, 57, 63 | 4, 14, 17, 59, 74 | 15, 44, 49, 61, 66 | 9, 43, 48, 76, 84 | 11, 25, 31, 52, 69 | 3, 43, 47, 53, 71 | ||||
1, 17, 21, 33, 59 | 16, 42, 43, 62, 78 | 6, 11, 31, 53, 66 | 34, 38, 40, 67, 83 | 15, 19, 25, 56, 60 | 3, 13, 48, 72, 88 | 7, 12, 36, 58, 87 | 24, 46, 47, 75, 81 | 8, 9, 23, 51, 74 | 24, 45, 50 52, 63, | ||||
- | - |
:
1. 2,5. , 10 ? ( 20 ).
10 2 - 4 :
= = g n,
n =
2 1 = 293 10, g = 2,5,
n:
g n = 10; 2,5 n = 10.
:
n lg 2,5 = lg 10,
n = = = 2,5.
T 2 = 10 n + T 1 = 10×2,5 + 293 = 318,1 K (45,1C).
2. 50 C 0,07 1. , , 0,01 /, 10 ? 50 C?
:
k = lg .
t = lg
: = = 0,1×0,01 = 0,001 /
t = lg = 32,86 .
, . . , 2 ,
t1/2 = = = 9,86 .
3. , 295 305 .
:
lg = ();
, ;
E = = = 51,59 /.
1. , .
2. . ?
3. ? ? .
4. ? .
5. ? .
6. ? .
7. ? , .
8. ?
9. ? .
10. :
FeCl3 + 3 KNCS = 3 Kl + Fe(NCS)3,
, .
11. ?
12. , ( )?
13. .
14. ?
15. . ?
16. ? ?
17. .
18. , , ? ? .
19. , , ?
20. .
21. . . 105 103 1. , 6×105 1, . (11500 .)
22. ? .
23. () , . , = f (t), 1013/(×). . ?
24. (II) 42 7,1 /. H22 ?
25. ?
26. ?
27. ? .
28. ?
29. ? .
30. ? .
31. . ?
32. /(×). ? .
33. ( ) ? .
34. ? ?
35. - .
36. : . . , . ?
37. . ?
38. ? .
39. ? .
40. pH .
41. , . 106. ?
42. ? ?
43. (k 2 = 3,5×107 1) , Fe2+ (k 1 = 56,0 1)? ?
44. ?
45. ? ?
46. (IV) . - ?
47. ?
48. .
49. , ?
50. 37 , 450 500 . .
51. 30 % 60 . ( 99,9% )? (1163 )
52. + → 2D . , 300 20 %. 70 %? (2800 )
53. , 15 , 293 2 . 3. (312 )
54. M + 3L = 2D, M 4 , L ? ( 16 )
55. , , . (1:3.)
56. 131. 8 . 90 %? (26,8 )
57. 13,6 . , 90 % . (46 )
58. 20 0,01 0,02 NH 10 % 23 . , ? (115 )
59. 1,1 +2,2 . . - ? (130,08 /)
60. 10 . , 300 , , , . (53,35 /)
61. COCl2 = CO + Cl2 109 5×103 1. 100 , 1 /? (0,396 )
62. 40 1 . (20 C), , 2. (4 )
63. ( 1- ) 60 15,32 . 50 %. 90 % . , , 20 ? (51 .)
64. 20
1,5×109 1. ( 10 % ) . (2,23 )
65. . 9,93 . ? (0,81)
66. , 50 60 ? (98,24 /)
67. 0,025 . 3,82 . (%) 2 ? (8 %)
68. . ( 80%- ) , :
t, | |||||
C(2H5Cl), / | 0,312 | 0,258 | 0,186 | 0,085 | 0,047 |
, . (0,0496 1, 14 .)
69. 353 90 . , 293 , 75,7 /. (12,3 )
70. (20 ) 1,5×1091. ( 10 % ) (5 ), 60 /. (2,23 ; 22,07 )
71. "-" . :
t, | |||||
C(+), / | 4,60 | 4,40 | 4,20 | 4,08 | 3,53 |
. (0,0109 1)
72. 90Sr . 28,1 . , 1 . ) 18 , ) 70 ? () 0,64 ; ) 0,18 )
73. 64,79 / 20 1,2 1. 0 . (0,17 1)
74. 2. 390 , 362 7,5×104 1. (5,22103 1)
75. 298 ( ). 7×105 1. , 75 % . (2,74 ; 5,5 )
76. 5,081×102 1. , 50 %. (13,6 )
77. 109 5×103 1, 209 6,76×101 1. 150 . (75,14 /; 4,5×102 1)
78. 1 5 600 . , 30 . (49,4 .)
79. 40- 0,66 1. 55,2 /. 30 40- ? (27,85 %)
80. " " :
, | ||||
(t=50 C) C, % | 99,79 | 99,38 | 98,91 | |
(t=80 C) C, % | 99,58 | 98,86 | 97,80 |
( 10 % ) 20 . (1,22 )
81. 20 40 % 50 . , 36 /. (357,15 )
82. 14 6,85 %. , pp ( 10 % ). (0,005 1; 136 ; 21 )
83. , 80 90 1,64×10‑6 1 4,20×106 1. ( 10 % ) 20 . (2,22 )
84. 313 0,66 1, - 55,2 /. 50% 263 ? (59 .)
85. 460 - 3,5×102 1, 518 3,43×101 1. 486 . (1,48; 9,78102 1)
86. 5 % - 3. 20 " " , 80 ? (59,8)
87. :