1. . =8,9. . =7, , , .
=./.=[A] / [−]; =[+ ] ∙ [−] / [A] = 1,8 ∙105
= [A] / [−] = 1107 / 1,8 ∙105 = 0,5 ∙102 0,5%.
2. (p=4):
CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O,
8,9. . =[CH3COOH]/[CH3COO−]=[H+]/K = 10pT / 10pK = 10pKpT = 104,744 = 100,74 = 5,5; [CH3COOH] / [CH3COO−] = 5,5 / 1. ʳ 6,5; 5,5 ∙100% / 6,5 = 85%. ( = . / . =1 104 / 1,8 ∙105 = 5,5 85%).
100%, , 550%. () .
3. CH3COONa.
:
CH3COO− + H+ → CH3COOH. = ½ ½ lg - = ½ 4,74 + 0,5 =2,9. =3 , . (=4), . :
=[.]/[ .]=[CH3COO−]/[CH3COOH] = / [H+] = 1,8∙105/1104 = 1,8∙101 100% =18%. : 0,18, 1 + 0,18 =1,18; = 0,18 100% /1,18 = 15,25%.
4. Na2CO3 =9. ,
½ (6,5 +10,22) = 8,36. = 9 .
= [.] / [.] = [CO32] / [HCO3] = K" / [H+] =
6 ∙1011 / 1∙ 109 =6 ∙102 100% = 6%. ( - 0,06 /1; 1,06; 0,06 100% / 1,06 = 5,66%.
=8 ( 15 ), , H2CO3. =[.]/[.] = [H2CO3] / [HCO3] = [H+] / ' = 1 ∙108 / 3 ∙ 107 = 0,03 100% = 3%, 0,03 / 1; 1,03; 0,03 100% /1,03 = 2,91%.
(= 4), (3,75) .
= [.] / [.] = [HCO3− ] / [H2CO3] = ' / [H+] =
3 ∙107 / 1 ∙104 = 3 103 100% = 0,3%.
ֳ , =8 , = 9. , , .
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() , .
, , =9 ( ), , [CO32] ( ) [HCO3] () .
= " + lg C / C.; 9 = 10,22 + lg C/ C.; 9 10,22 =
= lg C / C.;
1,22 = lg C / C.; 101,22 = 102 100,78 = 6 102 100% = 6%.
: [CO32] / [HCO3] = 10pK / 10pT = 9 10,22 = 1,22. ( ).