.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





, , , .

, .

1

, . , , , ? , , , , , . , , , . , . , , , , , , , . , , , . . , , , , , , 2. . , , .

 

?

, . , , ! , . . : 1) , 2) , 3) , 4) , 5) , (, , , , ), 6) , 7) , .

, , , . , , : , , , , , , , . , , , - "" " "; - , , , 3.

, , , . , , , , . : , . : .

, () , , . , , , . , , , , , , , , , , , - .

, . , , , . 4. , , , : , , . , , 5.

, : , , , 6. : , 7. : , . , , 8. .

. ? 9. ? , , . , , , , . , 10. , , , , , , . . , , , 11, .

, , , . . , . . .

, , . , , , . , , , . , , , . , , . . , , . , , . , , 12.

, . , , , . , , , . , .

- , , . , , . , , , . . , .

, , . . . , , , , , , ., , . , , , - , , .

. , , , . , . . , , .

- , , . , . , . , . , , , . , , , , . , , , . , , . , . , , , .

, . , 14 , . , . . , , . - , . , , .

: . , , . , .

, , . , ( ). , . , . . -15 . , , , , , . , . , , . , 15 . .

, , , . . , , . , , , . , .

, ? ? , , , , , . , , : , 16?

, , , . , , , , . , , , . - .

, , ? , . . , . - .

, , , , . 17 . 123 . , . , . , . , , , . , 1 37 . , , . , , , 17 . : , , . , .

, , . , , , , . . 18 -, , 75 . , , . , , , , , , . , - , . , , , . .

19 , , , . .

N-, . 1903 , , , , , . N-- , . , , . , . , 300 , 1903 1906 .20. , , , . , N- . , , . N- 21. , 1904 , , -. . , , , , . . 1904 , . . , . , , , !22 , . , , , N- . , . , N- . , - .

 

23 . . . -, : , . , , , . , . , , , , , , 24. . . 1926 , . , .

. , , , . , , , . . , , , , , . 46 . . , .

, , . . - ? , ? , , ?

. , , : 25. , , . , . , , . , . .

, , . . , 35 40 , .

, . . , - --, 26. , . . , , , . . , , . , . : , , . , (), . . .

2- , . , , , , - , . , . , . , 27. , , 28.

, . , , . , . - , . , , ; , , 29. .

, , .

. 1) . 2) , , . 3) . 4) .

, , , , . , . , , . , . , , . .

1. Smith H. 1976. Forgotten truth: the primordial tradition. New York and London: Harper and Row, p. 16.

2. : DurantW. 1932. Onthemeaning of life. Mew York: Ray Long and Richard R. Smith, Inc., p. 61.

3. Medawar PB. 1969. Induction and intuition in scientific thought. Jayne Lectures for 1968. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society 75:11.

4. Bush V. 1967. Science is not enough. New York: William Morrow and Co., p. 27.

5. Eddington AS. 1929. Science and the unseen world. The Swarthmore Lecture, 1929. London: George Alien and (Jnwin, p. 33.

6. : Sullivan JWN. 1933. The limitations of science. New York: Mentor Books, p. 126.

7. Holmes OW. 1892. The poet at the breakfast table. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin and Co., and Cambridge: Riverside Press, p. 120.

8. a) Smith, p. 1 {note 1). . : b) Morgan J. 1996. The end of science: facing the limits of knowledge in the twilight of the scientific age. Reading, Mass., and New York: Helix Books, Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., Inc.

9. : a) Appleyard . 1992. Understanding the present: science and the soul of modern man. London: Picador, Pan Books; b) Bowler PJ. 1993. Darwinism. Twayne's studies in intellectual and cultural history. New York: Twayne Publishers, pp. 8-13; c) Bulger RE, Heitman E, Reiser SJ, editors. 1993. The ethical dimensions of the biological sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-63; d) Mayr E. 1988. Toward a new philosophy of biology: observations of an evolutionist. Cambridge, Mass., and London: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, pp. 75-91; e) Proctor RN. 1991. Value-free science? Purity and power in modern knowledge. Cambridge, Mass., and London: Harvard University Press; f) Rappaport RA. 1994. On the evolution of morality and religion: a response to Lee Cronk. Zygon 29:331-349; g) Sorell T. 1991. Scientism: philosophy and the infatuation with science. International library of philosophy. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 74-97; h) Stein G J. 1988. Biological science and the roots of Nazism. American Scientist 76:50-58.

10. .: Mayr (note 9d). . . 20.

12. Chauvin R. 1989. Dieu des Fourmis Dieu des Etoiles. Paris: France Loisirs, p. 214.

13. .: a) BirdWR. 1987, 1988, 1989. Philosophy of science, philosophy of religion, history, education, and constitutional issues. The origin of species revisited: the theories of evolution and of abrupt appearance, vol. 2. New York: Philosophical Library, pp. 109-111. : b) Simpson GG. 1963. Historical science. In: Albritton CC, Jr., editor. The fabric of geology. Reading, Mass., and Palo Alto, Calif.: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., pp. 24-48.

14. a) Hallam A. 1989. Great geological controversies. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press. A preponderance of disputed past events is also reported in: b) Mbller DW, McKenzie JA, Weissert H, editors. 1991. Controversies in modern geology: evolution of geological theories in sedimentology, Earth history and tectonics. London, San Diego, and New York: Academic Press.

15. 10.

16. Montaigne M de. 1588, 1993. Essays, book 3, chapter 7. Of the incommodity of greatness. Fiorio J, translator. In: Andrews R, editor. Columbia dictionary of quotations. New York: Columbia University Press, p. 199.

17. AschSE. 1955. Opinions and social pressure. Scientific American 193(5):31-35.

18. a) Dickson D. 1986. Researchers found reluctant to test theories. Science 232:1333; b) Mahoney MJ. 1977. Publication prejudices: an experimental study of confirmatory bias in the peer review system. Cognitive Therapy and Research 1:161-175.

19. Merton RK. 1968. The Matthew effect in science. Science 159:56-63.

20. NyeMJ. 1980. N-rays: an episode in the history and psychology of science. Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 11:125-156.

21. Broad W, Wade M. 1982. Betrayers of the truth: fraud and deceit in the halls of science. New York: Simon & Schuster, p. 113.

22. Wood RW. 1904. The N-rays. Nature 70(1822):530, 531.

23. a) Anonymous. 1926. Obituary: Dr. Paul Kammerer. Nature 118:635,636; b) Goran M. 1971. The future of science. New York and Washington, D.C.: Spartan Books, pp. 73-77; c) Koestler A. 1971. The case of the midwife toad. London: Hutchinson and Co.; d) Noble GK. 1926. Kammerer's Alytes, part 1. Nature 118:209, 210; e) Przibram H. 1926a. Kammerer's Alytes, part 2. Nature 118:210, 211; f) Przibram H. 1926b. Prof. Paul Kammerer. Nature 118:555; g) Silverberg R. 1965. Scientists and scoundrels: a book of hoaxes. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., pp. 188-206; h) Wendt H. 1956. In search of Adam: the story of man's quest for the truth about his earliest ancestors. Cleugh J, translator, Boston: Houghton, Mifflin Co., and Cambridge: Riverside Press, pp. 320-326. Translation of: Ich suchte Adam.

24. : Goran, p. 74 (note 23b).

25. a) Broad and Wade (note 21); b) Feder KL. 1990. Frauds, myths, and mysteries: science and pseudosclence in archaeology. Mountain View, Calif., and London: Mayfield Pub. Co.; c) Kohn A. 1986. False prophets: fraud and error in science and medicine. Rev. ed. Oxford and Cambridge, Mass.: Basil Blackwell.

26. Branscomb LM. 1985. Integrity in science. American Scientist 73:421-423.

27. . 4.

28. . 12.

29. Planck . 1949. Scientific autobiography and other papers. Gaynor F, translator. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, pp. 33, 34. Translation of: Wissenschaftliche Selbstbiographie, mil Dokumentation zu ihrer Entstehungsgeschichte (1943-1948) ausgewahlt.

 

 





:


: 2015-08-18; !; : 734 |


:

:

80% - .
==> ...

1697 - | 1553 -


© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - -

: 0.066 .