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1. Smiles S. n.d. Self-help, chapter 11. Quoted in: Mackay AL. 1991. A dictionary of scientific quotations. Bristol and Philadelphia: Institute of Physics Publishing, p. 225.

2. : Roth AA. 1986. Some questions about geochronology. Origins 13:64-85. 3 , , .

3. a) Huggett R. 1990. Catastrophism: systems of earth history. London, New York, and Melbourne: Edward Arnold, p. 232; b) Kroner A. 1985. Evolution of the Archean continental crust. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 13:49-74; c) McLennan SM, Taylor SR. 1982. Geochemical constraints on the growth of the continental crust. Journal of Geology 90:347-361; d) McLennan SM, Taylor SR. 1983. Continental freeboard, sedimentation rates and growth of continental crust. Nature 306:169-172; e) Taylor SR, McLennan SM. 1985. The continental crust: its composition and evolution: an examination of the geo-chemical record preserved in sedimentary rocks. Hallam A, editor. Geoscience texts. Oxford, London, and Edinburgh: Blackwell Scientific Publications, pp. 234-239; f) Veizer), Jansen SL. 1979. Basement and sedimentary recycling and continental evolution. Journal of Geology 87:341-370.

4. I.e., Garrels RM, Mackenzie FT. 1971. Evolution of sedimentary rocks. New York: W. W. Norton and Co., p. 260.

5. JudsonS.RitterOF. 1964. Rates of regional denudation in the United States, Journal of Geophysical Research 69:3395-3401.

6. a) Dott RH, Jr.. Batten RL. 1988. Evolution of the Earth. 4th ed. New York, St. Louis, and San Francisco: McGraw-Hill Book Co., p. 155. , : b) Garrels and Mackenzie, p. 114 (note 4); ) Gilluly J. 1955. Geologic contrasts between continents and ocean basins. In: Poldervaart A, editor. Crust of the earth. Geological Society of America Special Paper 62:7-18; d) Schumm SA. 1963. The disparity between present rates of denudation and orogeny. Shorter contributions to general geology. G.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 454-H.

7. Sparks BW. 1986. Geomorphology. 3rd ed. Beaver SH, editor. Geographies for advanced study. London and New York: Longman Group, p. 510.

8. a) Ahnert F. 1970. Functional relationships between denudation, relief, and uplift in large mid-latitude drainage basins. American Journal of Science 268:243-263; b) Bloom AL. 1971. The Papuan peneplain problem: a mathematical exercise. Geological Society of America Abstracts With Programs 3(7):507,508; c) Schumm (noteGd).

9. Ruxton BP, McDougall 1.1967. Denudation rates in northeast Papua from potassium-argon dating of lavas. American Journal of Science 265:545-561.

10. Corbel J. 1959. Vitesse de L'erosion. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie 3:1 -28.

11. Menard HW. 1961. Some rates of regional erosion. Journal of Geology 69:154-161.

12. Mills HH. 1976. Estimated erosion rates on Mount Rainier, Washington. Geology 4:401-406.

13. OHierCD, Brown MJF. 1971. Erosion of a young volcano in New Guinea. Zeitschrift fbr Geomorphologie 15:12-28.

14. a) Blatt H, Middleton G, Murray R. 1980. Origin of sedimentary rocks. 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, p. 36; b) Schumm (note 6d).

15. 148429000 . 623 , , 92471269 . , 2,5, 2311711012 . 24108x106 , , , 9,582 . 2,5 261 (2,5 9,582 ).

16. : Blatt, Middleton, and Murray, p. 18 (note 14a).

17. . ( , ) . 2,4x1018 . 1x10' , 2,4x1018, 10x109 , 240 , 2,5 . ; , " " ([a] Blatt, Middleton, and Murray, pp. 35-38; [note 14a]). , () (, ) ( ) (: [b] Raup DM. 1976. Species diversity in the Phanerozoic: an interpretation. Paleobiology 2:289-297). - (, [] Gregor . 1970. Denudation of the continents. Mature 228:273-275). , . , , () . - , , , . . , , , . - , . : d) Garrels and Mackenzie, pp. 237, 243, 248 (note 4); e) Mason , . 1982. Principles of geochemistry. 4th ed. New York, Chichester, and Toronto: John Wiley and Sons, pp. 44,152,153; f) Pettijohn FJ. 1975. Sedimentary rocks. 3rd ed. New York, San Francisco, and London: Harper and Row, pp. 21, 22; g) RonovAB, Yaroshevsky AA. 1969. Chemical composition of the earth's crust. In: Hart PJ, editor. The earth's crust and upper mantle: structure, dynamic processes, and their relation to deep-seated geological phenomena. American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph 13:37-57; h) Othman DB, White WM, Patched J. 1989. The geochemistry of marine sediments, island arc magma genesis, and crust-mantle recycling. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 94:1-21. , , , . , . . , ( ). , , , , , , , , . , . , . , ?

18. a) Gilluly J, Waters AC, Woodford . 1968. Principles of geology. 3rd ed. San _ Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Co., p. 79; b) JudsonS. 1968. Erosion of the land, or what's happening to our continents? American Scientist 56:356-374; c) McLennan SM. 1993. Weathering and global denudation, Journal of Geology 101:295-303; (d) Milliman JD, Syvitski JPM. 1992. Geomorphic/tectonic control of sediment discharge to the ocean: the importance of small mountainous rivers. Journal of Geology 100:525-544.

19. Frakes LA. 1979. Climates throughout geologic time. Amsterdam, Oxford, and New York: Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co., Figure 9-1, p. 261.

20. Daily B, Twidale CR, Milnes AR. 1974. The age of the lateritized summit surface on Kangaroo Island and adjacent areas of South Australia. Journal of the Geological Society of Australia 21(4):387-392.

21. : Twidale CR. 1976. On the survival of paleoforms. American Journal of Science 276:77-95.

22. Gregor GB. 1968. The rate of denudation in post-Algonkian time. Koninklijke Nederlandse Academic van Wetenschapper 71:22-30.

23. Izett GA. 1981. Volcanic ash beds: recorders of upper Cenozoic silicic pyroclastic volcanism in the western United States. Journal of Geophysical Research 868:10200-10222.

24. . : Simkin , Siebert L, McClelland L, Bridge D, Newhall C, Latter JH. 1981. Volcanoes of the world: a regional directory, gazetteer, and chronology of volcanism during the last 10,000 years. Smithsonian Institution Stroudsburg, Pa.: Hutchinson Ross Pub. Co.

25. Decker R, Decker B, editors. 1982. Volcanoes and the earth's interior: readings from Scientific American. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Co., p. 47.

26. a) Ronovand Yaroshevsky (note 17g); b) 18 ; .: Ronov AB. 1982. The earth's sedimentary shell (quantitative patterns of its structure, compositions, and evolution). The 20th V. I. Vernadskiy Lecture, Mar. 12, 1978. Part 2. International Geology Review 24(12): 1365-1388. - . . : 2500106 4 = 10000x106 , 5,1x108 = 19,6 .

27. Schumm (note 6d).

28. Mueller St. 1983. Deep structure and recent dynamics in the Alps. In: KJ, editor. Mountain building processes. New York: Academic Press, pp. 181-199.

29. Hand SH. 1982. Figure 20-40. In: Press F, Siever R. 1982. Earth. 3rd ed. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Co., p. 484.

30. a) Gansser A. 1983. The morphogenic phase of mountain building. In: Hsb, pp. 221-228 (note 28); b) Molnar P. 1984. Structure and tectonics of the Himalaya: constraints and implications of geophysical data. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 12:489-518; c) Iwata S. 1987. Mode and rate of uplift of the central Nepal Himalaya. Zeitschrift for Geomorphologie Supplement Band 63:37-49.

31. Wellman HW. 1979. An uplift map for the South Island of New Zealand, and a model for uplift of the southern Alps. In: Walcott Rl, Cresswell MM, editors. The origin of the southern Alps. Bulletin 18. Wellington: Royal Society of New Zealand, pp. 13-20.

32. Tsuboi C. 1932-1933. Investigation on the deformation of the earth's crust found by precise geodetic means. Japanese Journal of Astronomy and Geophysics Transactions 10:93-248.

33. a) Blatt, Middleton, and Murray, p. 30 (note 14a), : b) Ahnert (note8a).

34. a) Blatt, Middleton, and Murray, p. 30 (note 14a); b) Bloom AL. 1969. The surface of the earth. McAlester AL, editor. Foundations of earth science series. Englewood Cliffs, NJ.: Prentice-Hall, pp. 87-89; c) Schumm (note 6d).

35. 12.

36. a) Kroner (note 3b); b) Smith JV. 1981. The first 800 million years of earth's history. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A 301:401 -422.

 

 





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