20 . "". "" .
' , . , - . ; , - , . , , , - . , , , , , , , , . , , , , , (). , , , . , . , , , , . , , . , , " " . "", , . "" - : , . , "" . , , "" "", . , , , "" . "" , . John G. Head, "Public Goods and Public Policy", Public Finance, vol. XVII, no. 3 (1962), 197-219; Richard Musgrave, The Theory of Public Finance (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959); Paul A. Samuelson, "The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure," "Diagrammatic Exposition of A Theory of Public Expenditure", "Aspects of Public Expenditure Theories," Review of Economics and Statistics, XXXVI (November 1954), 387-390, XXXV11 (November 1955), 350-356, XL (November 1958), 332-338. . Julius Margolis, " Comment on the Pure Theory of Public Expenditure", Review of Economics and Statistics, XXXVII (November 1955), 347-349. Gerhard Colm, "Theory of Public Expenditures," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, CLXXXHI (January 1936), 1-11.
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22
. P.M. , " , , "[14]. - , . , - . , - , .
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: , . , " ". " , , "26. , , , , - 27. 28, - 29. ,
25 . Verba, Small Groups ami Political; Truman, Governmental Process; Bentley, Process of Government. , - . Group Dynamics, ed. Cartwright and Zander Small Groups, ed. Hare, Borgatta, Bales.
26 The Ruling Class (New York: McGraw-Hill. 1939), p. 163. '
27 ., . 4, M., 1984. . 378. ; . Coyle, Social Process in Organized Groups-, Robert Lowie, Social Organization (New York: Rineharl & Co., 1948); Truman, pp. 14-43.
28 Georg Simmel, Conflict and the Web of Group Affiliations, trans. Kurt Wolff and Reinhard Bendix (Glencoc, 111.: Free Press, 1950).
29 Bentley, Process of Government.
, [16].
, "" "" . , , . , " "[17], , , - , . , " , , ; , "[18]. . P.M. : " , , , "[19]. "" , "".
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, , , !' , , . " , , , , "[20]. , ", _ , - , , , ... , - , "35. , , " - "56, , - 37.
, , ? . "" ( "") , ; , - . , , , "" "". , , "", . , .
35 Parsons and Bales, p. 9. . Bernard Barber, "Participation and Mass Apathy in Associations", Studies in Leadership, ed. Alvin W. Gouldner (New York: Harper, 1950), pp. 477-505; Neil.J. Smelser, Social Change in the Industrial Revolution (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1959).
36 Maclver Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences, VII, 144-148, p. 147. . Louis Wirth, "Urbanism as a Way of Life", American Journal of Sociology, XLIV (July 1938), 20; Walter Firey, "Coalition and Schism in a Regional Conservation Program",iHuman Organization, XV (Winter 1957), 17-20; Herbert Goldhamer, "Social Clubs", Development of Collective Enterprise, ed. Seba Eldridge (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1943, p. 163.
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37 ■ Oliver Garceau, The Political Life of the American Medicat Association (Cambridge', Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1941), p. 3: " , , , . . (^."
1- , , , ? , "" - ; . , (, , ) , ; , , , . , , ( , , ) , . .
, , . - , . , , , ; , , ; . , , __~ . , . , , .
? ? , ? , , ; , , - 18 , , , , ; ? , , . , ", "39.
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38 Murray Hausknecht, The Joiners - A Sociological Description of Voluntary Association Membership in the United Stales (New York: Bedminster Press, 1962); Mirra Komaravsfcy, "The Voluntary Associations of Urban Dwellers", American Sociological Review, XI (December!46), 686-698; Floyd Dotson, "Patterns of Voluntary Membership Among Working Class f amilies", American Sociological Review, XVI (October 1951), 687; John C. Scott, Jr., "Membership and Participation in Voluntary Associations", American Sociological Review, XXII (June 1957), 315.
39 Georg Simmel, The Sociology of.GeorgSimmel. trans. Roil H. Wolff <Glencoe, 111.: Free Press [19501). p. 87. , ( ) , .
I).
, -. . : , : , . . . , , . , - , , . , , "", . , () (): = f(T); U- .
, ( , ), , , . , .
1 , , ' , . (), (Sg), , , i , ;! . , . (Sg), , , () "" , (F;).
(SgT), Vg, - ; - Vi - . "" (Fi) Vi/Vg, FiSgT. (Ai), i - , (Vi) ja ().
, , , , . , , , . (Ai = Vi - ) :
dAi/dT = dVi/dT - dC/dT
dAi/dT=04(l. Vi=FiSgT, Fi Sg 41, d(FiSgT)/dT - dC/dT = FiSg - dC/dT =
, , , , -. . , : dAi/dT = dVi/dT - dC/dT = dVi/dT = Fi(dVg/dT), Fi(dVg/dT) - dC/dT = Fi(dVg/dT) = dC/dT
, , , , , , , . , (dVg/dT)
40 ,
: d2Ai/dT2<0
41 , Fi Sg , :
d(FiSgT)/dT - dC/dT = 0
FiSg + FiT(dSg/dT) + SgT(dFi/dT) - dC/dT = 0 , (1/Fi = Vg/Vi)[21].
, , . , , , Fi>(C/Vg).
,
Fi>(C/Vg)
(Vi/Vg)>(C/Vg), Vi>C.
, Fi>(C/Vg), , . , , ( ) , ( ), .
, : , , , : ( ) 1/Fi ( dVg/dT = l/Fi(dc/dT)), , 4) , ( Vg/c > Vg/i).
. , , , . , . , , , , Sg - , Si - i, Fi : ( ) (Fi=Si/Sg) , i : Fi=Si/Sg. , . E = -T/Sg(dSg/dT), dSg/d T=-ESg/T. , , koi : dAi/dT = d(SiT)/dT = Si + (dSi/dT) =
Fi Sg + T (dSi/dT) = 0
, , (dSi = dSg): FiSg + (dSg/dT) =
dSg/dT = - Sg/T, FiSg - (ESg/T) =
Sg (Fi-E) =
Fi=E. ( ) , . , , , , - - . . Fi , , ; , , 1/4, , 1 % 4%, , - 1/4 , . , , 1000 , , , 1/1000. , - Hai. . , , , , , ( ), 1/Fi , , . , .