..................................................................................................................................4
1. .......................................................................................5
1.1 .....................5
1.2 ................................. 19
1.3 ....20
1.4 . 20
2. .........................................................................21
2.1 ............................................................................................21
2.2 ............................................................................21
2.3 .........................................................................................................22
2.4 ........................................ 23
2.5 .....................................24
2.6 .................................................27
2.7 - ..................................................................28
2.8 ..............................................................................29
2.8.1 ........................................................29
2.8.2 ...........................................................32
2.8.3 .........................................................................33
2.8.4 ..........................................................39
2.8.5
......................................................................................................................................39
2.9 ...........................................................................................................40
2.10 ................................................................................................46
2.11 ...................................48
2.12 ..........................................................................................51
3. ...................................................................52
3.1 .52
|
|
|
3.2 充56
3.3 61
3.4 ...62
4. .................................................................................................................................64
4.1 ..........................................................................................64
4.2 .....................65
....................................................................................67
100 3 . / - 54.2 % . / , , 14.8 %, 13.2%, 6.8 %. , , . - , . , .
.
-62 , , , 2- , , , , . .
1.1
i, 3, i, 3 ., (1.1), .7 /1/
i = Kii, (1.1)
i
( ), 3;
Ki .
(1.2), .7 /1/
Ki = τ , (1.2)
τ - ;
- .
(1.3), .7 /1/
= 
(1.3)
β - ;
β - .
(1.4), .7 /1/
β = β = β β β 
, (1.4)
β - ;
|
|
|
β - ;
β - ;
0 - , %.
(1.5), .7 /1/
, (1.5)
S - , ;
S - , .
S = 25 , .7 /1/. β, 1.1, .8 /1/ (, ). . (1.6), .7 /1/
, (1.6)
lc - , ;
l.. - , .
, , 6,5 × 1,8 × 2,6 8, .163 /2/.
, , (1.6), .8 /1/
, (1.7)
l.. - , ;
l - , .
n , (1.7), .8 /1/
, (1.8)
l - , ;
l.. - , ;
n' - , (1.7) .
0, % (1.8), .8 /1/
, (1.9)
0 - ;
W - , , %
W - , %.
, , W =20 %, .8 /1/. 1.2, .9 /1/.
.
1) (19×130) 0 = 0,44 1.2, .9 /1/, β = 0,9 1.1, .8 /1/. β =0,454 .9 /1/.
:
(1.9)
0 = 0,44 (20 7) = 5,72 %
(1.5)
.
(1.6)
.
(1.4)
.
(1.3)
.
2) (50 × . × 4500) 0 = 0,43 1.2, .9 /1/, β = 0,6 1.1, .8 /1/. β =0,454 .9 /1/.
:
(1.9)
0 = 0,43 (20 7) = 5,59 %
(1.5)
.
(1.6)
.
(1.4)
.
(1.3)
.
3) (25 × . × 5500) 0 = 0,52 1.2, .9 /1/, β = 0,6 1.1, .8 /1/. β =0,454 .9 /1/.
|
|
|
:
(1.9)
0 = 0,52 (20 7) = 6,76 %
(1.5)
.
(1.6)
.
(1.4)
.
(1.3)
.
4) (28 × 150 × 6000) 0 = 0,54 1.2, .9 /1/, β = 0,9 1.1, .8 /1/. β =0,454 .9 /1/.
:
(1.9)
0 = 0,54 (20 7) = 7,02 %
(1.5)
.
(1.6)
.
(1.4)
.
(1.3)
.
5) (35 × 50 × 925) 0 = 0,47 1.2, .9 /1/, β = 0,9 1.1, .8 /1/. β =0,454 .9 /1/.
:
(1.9)
0 = 0,47 (20 7) = 6,11 %
= 0,58 (l 0,5 1,0 ).
(1.7), (1.8)
;
n n = 7
.
(1.4)
.
(1.3)
.
6) (32 × 150 × 5000) 0 = 0,44 1.2, .9 /1/, β = 0,9 1.1, .8 /1/. β =0,454 .9 /1/.
:
(1.9)
0 = 0,44 (20 7) = 5,98 %
(1.5)
.
(1.6)
.
(1.4)
.
(1.3)
.
1.1.
1.1
| , , | β | β | β | W, % | W, % | , % | β,β | =β / Β | |
| 1. () 19×130×6500 | 0,432 | 0,9 | 0,44 | 5,72 | 0,367 | 1,24 | |||
| 2. () 50××4500 | 0,666 | 0,6 | 0,692 | 0,43 | 5,59 | 0,261 | 1,74 | ||
| 3. () 25××5500 | 0,5 | 0,6 | 0,846 | 0,52 | 6,76 | 0,237 | 1,92 | ||
| 4. () 28×150×6000 | 0,528 | 0,9 | 0,923 | 0,54 | 7,02 | 0,408 | 1,11 | ||
| 5.() 35×50×925 | 0,58 | 0,9 | 0,996 | 0,99 | 6,11 | 0,488 | 1,93 | ||
| 6. () 32×150×5000 | 0,561 | 0,9 | 0,769 | 0,44 | 5,98 | 0,365 | 1,24 | ||
| 7. () ( ) 40×150×5500 | 0,615 | 0,9 | 0,8 | 0,44 | 3,52 | 0,454 | - |
|
|
|
: β - ;
β - ;
β - ;
0 - ;
W - ,
, %
W - , %.
0 - , %.
β -
;
β -
.
- .
(1.9), .10 /1/
, (1.10)
τ. -
, ;
τ. - , .
(τ.) (τ.) ( ) (1.10) (1.11), .10 /1/
τ. = τ + τ, (1.11)
τ. = τ+τ, (1.12)
τ - , ;
τ - , .
τ = 0,1 .
( ), , (1.14), .11 /1/
τ = τ , (1.13)
τ -
;
- , ;
- ,
;
- ,
;
- , (W) (W)
;
- ,
.
1.4, .12 /1/. ( ). , = 1, .11 /1/.
, 1.5, .13 /1/ τ . , , = 1,15 .29 /1/. (W) (W) , 1.6, .14 /1/ ( ). , = 1,0 , l S, .11 /1/.
1) (19×130×6500 ).
τ = 39 1.4, .12 /1/.
,
τ = 39 1 = 39.
1.5, .13 /1/, , , υ = 2,45 /.
1.6, .14 /1/, , , (W) (W)
.
(1.13)
.
(1.11)
.
2) (40××4500 ).
τ = 88 1.4, .12 /1/.
,
|
|
|
τ = 88 1 = 88.
1.5, .13 /1/, , , υ = 2,45 /.
1.6, .14 /1/, , (W) (W)
.
(1.13)
.
(1.11)
.
3) (25×80×6500 ).
τ = 93 1.4, .12 /1/.
,
τ = 93 1 = 93.
1.5, .13 /1/, , , υ = 2,45 /.
1.6, .14 /1/, , , (W) (W)
.
(1.13)
.
(1.11)
.
4) (32××5500 ).
τ = 94 1.4, .12 /1/.
,
τ = 94 1 = 94
1.5, .13 /1/, , , υ = 2,45 /.
1.6, .14 /1/, , , (W) (W)
.
(1.13)
.
(1.11)
.
5) (28×130×5000 ).
τ = 107,14 1.4, .12 /1/.
,
τ = 107,14 1 = 107,14.
1.5, .13 /1/, , , υ = 2,45 /.
1.6, .14 /1/, , , (W) (W)
.
(1.13)
.
(1.11)
.
6) (40×50×970 ).
τ = 114 1.4, .12 /1/.
,
τ = 114 1 = 114
1.5, .13 /1/, , , υ = 2,45 /.
1.6, .14 /1/, , , (W) (W)
.
(1.13)
.
(1.11)
.
1.2
1.2
| , , | - τ, | τ, | τ., τ., | τ= τ./τ. | |||||||||
| W, % | W, % | ||||||||||||
| 1. () 25×150×6000 | II | 0,58 | 1,15 | 1,615 | 1,0 | 42,01 | 1,85 | 0,54 | |||||
| 2. () 40××4500 | II | 0,701 | 1,15 | 1,43 | 1,0 | 101,45 | 4,33 | 1,27 | |||||
| 3.() 25×180×6500 | II | 0,718 | 1,15 | 1,462 | 1,0 | 112,267 | 4,78 | 1,41 | |||||
| 4. () 32××5500 | II | 0,721 | 1,15 | 1,24 | 1,0 | 96,51 | 4,12 | 1,21 | |||||
| 5.() 28×130×5000 | II | 107,14 | 0,812 | 1,15 | 1,176 | 1,0 | 117,65 | 5,03 | 1,48 | ||||
| 6. () 40×50×970 | II | 0,83 | 1,15 | 1,152 | 0,91 | 114,07 | 4,85 | 1,43 | |||||
| 7. () ( ) 40×150×5500 | II | 0,75 | 1,15 | 1,000 | 1,0 | 3,4 | - |
1.2: W - ;
W - ;
τ -
;
- ,
;
- ,
;
- ,
;
- , (W)
(W) ;
- ,
;
τ -
, ;
τ. -
,
;
τ. -
, ;
τ - .
, 3,
, (1.14)
- , 3;
- , %.
1) (1.14)
3.
(1.2)
= 0,54 1,23 = 0,664.
(1.1)
= 1653,6 0,664 =1097,99 3.
2) (1.14)
3.
(1.2)
= 1,27 1,876 = 2,38.
(1.1)
= 3052,8 2,38 =3089,05 3.
3) (1.14)
3.
(1.2)
= 1,41 1,076 = 1,52.
(1.1)
= 1780,8 1,52 = 2701,76 3.
4) (1.14)
3.
(1.2)
= 1,21 1,706 = 2,06.
(1.1)
= 3561,6 2,06 = 7352,07 3.
5) (1.14)
3.
(1.2)
= 1,48 1,316 = 1,95.
(1.1)
= 1526,4 1,95 = 2976,48 3.
6) (1.14)
3.
(1.2)
= 1,43 0,993 = 1,42.
(1.1)
= 1144,8 1,42 = 1625,62 3.
1.3
1.3
Σ = 12720 Σ = 23027,28
| , , | ,3 | τ | = τ | =, 3/ | |
| 1. () 25×150×6000 | 1653,6 | 1,23 | 0,54 | 0,664 | 1097,99 |
| 2. () 40××4500 | 3052,8 | 1,870 | 1,27 | 2,38 | 7273,36 |
| 3.() 25×180×6500 | 1780,8 | 1,076 | 1,41 | 1,52 | 2701,76 |
| 4. () 32××5500 | 3561,6 | 1,706 | 1,21 | 2,06 | 7352,07 |
| 5.() 28×130×5000 | 1526,4 | 1,316 | 1,48 | 1,95 | 2976,48 |
| 6. () 40×50×970 | 1144,8 | 0,993 | 1,43 | 1,42 | 1625,62 |
| 7. () ( ) 40×150×5500 | - | - | - | - | - |
, 3 ./, (1.25), .25 /1/
. (1.15)
- , 3;
β - ;
335 - , ;
τ. - .
, 3, (1.23), .25 /1/
= nlbh, (1.16)
n ;
l , ;
b , ;
h , .
8, .163 /2/ :
l = 6,5 , b = 1,8 , h = 2,6 .
n = 2.
(1.16)
= 2 6,5 1,8 2,6 = 60,84, 3.
( ), ./,
(1.24) .25 /1/
, (1.17)
335 - , ;
τ. - .
1.14, .24 /1/, τ. = 3,4 . (1.17)
./.
1.3, .10 /1/ β = 0,454. (1.15)
3 ./.
