)
()= () / Z
M - |
Z |
(S) (H2S+6O4) = M(S)/Z = 1/6 M(S); Z =6
1/6 .
)
1/6 / .
(S) = 32 /
M (S) ((H2SO4) = 1/6 32 = 5,3 /
|
5,3 / .
)
()= () / n Z
M - |
n ,
Z |
(K+2SO4) = (K2SO4) / n Z = ½ (K2SO4); n = 2; Z = 1
)
(K2SO4) = 174 /
(K2SO4) = ½ 174 = 87 /
. | , || . , , .
Na2CO3 + 2HCl = 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
ν, 1 2 2 1 1
m, 106 236,5 258,5 18 44
106 + 73 = 117 + 18 + 44
179 = 179
|
.
Na2CO3 + 2HCl () = 2NaCl + H2O + CO2()
ν, 1 2 2 1 1
V, (..) 222,4 22,4
, || | .
||
- , . ( - 1911 .)
- , , , .
= + .
11 = 1 ... = +1 = 1,6 10-19
01n = 1 ...
, || || .. .
.
, , . .
|
|
.
→ 12 13 14
→ 6 6 6
6 6 6
12-6 13-6 14-6
.
() , = 1 / 1840 ; (-1), 1,6 10-19 .
. () , , , . , , , . , ( ). , .
, || . || | . 1913 .
:
1. |. , |.
2. , | .
3. | | || || . | ( || | ).
|| | .
|| .
, , |.
, | .
1
n | 1,2,3.. | ) ; ) | |
() | l | 0 (n -1) | ) ; ) ; ) ; ) |
ml | -l 0 +l | ) ; ) | |
() | ms | + ½ - ½ | () |
2
n | () | ||||
l | s | 0, 1 s p | 0, 1, 2 s p d | 0, 1, 2, 3 s p d f | |
ml | 0 -1 | 0 -1 -2 0 -1 1 0 | 0 -1 -2 -3 0 -1 -2 1 0 -1 1 0 2 1 |
| 2 : )
|
|
) 1s| 2sp| 3spd| 4spdf|..
||) .
)
s p d f
, .
, || || ||
1. : , .
2. : (n + 1). (n + 1) , n.
1 s 2 s p 3 s p d 4 s p d f 5 s p d f 6 s p d f 7 s p d f n 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 1* 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
n+1| 1 2 3 3 4 5 4 5 6 7 5 6 7 8 6 7 8 9 7 8 9 10
1* - 2.
3. : .
↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ |
4. : .
↑ | 1s1+1 | ↑↓ |
1s1
n 1 1
l 0 0
ml 0 0
ms + -
||
:1 s 2 s p 3 s p d 4 s p d f 5 s p d f 6 s p d f 7 s p d f
(n+1|) 1 2 3 3 4 5 4 5 6 7 5 6 7 8 6 7 8 9 7 8 9 10
1s22s2p63s2p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f145d106p67s25f14..
(n+l|) 1 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8.
1s22s2p63s2p6d104s2p6d10f145s2p6d10f146s2p6d10f147s2p6d10f148...
(n+1|) 1 2 3 3 4 5 4 5 6 7 5 6 7 8 6 7 8 9 7 8 9 10