, , , , , . . "". , . , , , , . , , , , , , . , . . , , "" .
, , XX -, (. . ), , ; -, , . , .
(1) () (). -
? , . -, , , . . " ", , . ( , ) . ( ) , , , , , . ( , .) [] []: -+ ( ). [] [].
, , , , . , , : . ; , .
, , . , ( ), - IV " " (1830 .), " ". . . , , , , , , .
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( : " " [. . 1970} "" "-
" . " [. . 1991].)
(2) . , , , . , . X. . " " (1971 .), . . 3- : " . . " [ 1986, 70 .]. . - - .
- (, ) . . , . X. (. 107-114). . . (, , , . . ).
[ 1974] r . "". ( .), , , , . , , , , laetitia lacrimae prosiliunt mihi (Plaut. Stich. 446) " " . " ... ", . . " ", " ". ( .) , -
, "" .
""
r pro. . ", - "; pro " ", . . "", r " ( )", . . " , ". laetitia " ", " ", ( ) Gallis prae magnitudine -porum suorum brevitas nostra contemptui est (B. G. II, 30, 4). " ( ) ". r , - . . : te pithecum est " () "
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( ).
, , , , , , . . :
1) r ,
- (, , , , ) . .
;
2)
. .
, , "",
; 3) r
" , "
( ); 4)
-
, , .
, . . , , . , , . , ( ) "" . "() () " , , ( ) "" "", . , () .
, : . , ; , , ; . , , . - //: " " = " - " (. .-. - [. , II, . 1640]); " - " = " ". - " ", , " , ". , () () . , -, - , : () () -
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"" ; () " ". : 1. > -> -; 2. -> *- ( ) > . : , -, " " (. . ), " ". . , , . r . praesens " , , ".
. r : . . , : .
, , :
(1) r: ,
( ): lacrimis
loqui non possum " ";
(2) pro: propter (pro + p(e) + ter),
, ter -;
,
: propter frigora frumenta in agris matura non erant "
"; propter tuum in me amorem
confidit " ";
(3) ob: "",
ob metum " ", ob earn
rem " ", ob eam causam "";
" " (. . ) ob ream "
, ";
(4) causa: ,
"" ;
" " commodi sui causa " ";
(5) gratia: ;
"", ""
: causa gra
tia: commodi sui gratia (causa); (
causa, gratia, ergo
).
(6) ergo: ,
"
": nominis ergo " () ", victoriae ergo "
"; , causa gratia.
(7) ab: ,
, , ,
, ;
, ,
ab: 1) doleo ab animo, doleo ab oculis, doleo ab
aegritudine (Plaut. Ci. 60) " (. -,
), , "; 2) calescit (anima) primum ab ipso
spiritu (Cic. Nat. deor. 2, 138) "
"; 3) superamur a bestiis (Cic. Fi. 2, 111) "
".
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, "" . " ", , , , ; , , - , , .
-, . , , " ()" -> "" -> "",
. ( , ) , , , , . ( , , re).
, : , , , - (""), - , .
(3) , .
, "" . , . . : , "", . . ""? , ? , , ? , .
. . ( 1963 .) [. 1967] , : , . , , , "", . (, , , , -
. , , , .) "" :
(1) ();
(2) (; -
);
(3) (; );
(4) (; );
(5) (;
);
(6) (;
).
3. (1967 .) . : " , ". , -
(7) .
.
" ", , [, . V, . 11}: ; , . . , , , : , . ( . ; , .) " " , :- , , "" . chose, . cosa, . cosa . . causa "", " ". , "" - , ( ""
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). " " " ". , , . , " " "" , , , : .
" " , , . , , , -, , . , Ursache "" "-, -", a Wirkung "" ", " "". . , . (, 1935 .) " ". , , , , : " auf ( aufheben) : , , , aufheben, "" "". , , , "Aufhebung" [Masson-Oursel 1936, 16-17]. XX " " . 3 2853
" " , , , . , "" "". , , - - -.
" " . . , . . , , . 1907 . " " , , . , , .
" " .-. , " " (1814 .) , . - , "", " ", t1 t2, t1 t2 . . , " - , , . , , , ".
" . . . . . ( ), . X. , . . " (, )" " (, )".
, , , - , , , , . " ", " "; , () -, , , " " (), .
"", , : " , ".
, (. 2) . . , -, , "" - , . "" . "", , . ". (statements) ". "" , (, ) , , . , , , , , . . .
3. ( , 2) , "" "" (event) . , "" , " -" ( , , , ). , "" "", "", "" "". "" "", .. , . 3*
. . : " , , , , , . , , .... .... , " [ 1988,153].
, 3. , , . "". " ", . 3. , .
" , . ,
.
. , ,
, ,
" [ 1986, 272].
: ", , ,
, (,
. . ),
(. . , "" " "
. . ). ,
, .
,
. ,
, ,
. : ,
, ,
" (272).
( , 2): " , , ( . . ), ,
. , , ".
3. (statement) " " " " ( . . ). , (state) " [Vendler 1967, 711]. : "" - , !
. , (), "" . " " , . " " 3. ( "" , , ); ( ). "", , . , - . "", . ().
. X. , . , , . 3. , . X.
( ).
. 2- " " (1971 .) , :
" , , -, , , - , . , , , - . . , - , , .
, "" , ] , .; . - - , , ! , -; , ] , - , - . - , - - , ( - ). - . . , , . ,
, " [ 1986, 114; . . ).
, " " , , . "", "", "", , , , , .
. , - XX , "", "". , XX . , - : "" .
1976 . // . . 4- . ., 1976. T.I.
1988 . . . . . . ., 1988.
1974 . / . . // . . ., 1974.
1986 3. / . . // . ., 1986. . XVIII.
1986 . X. // . X. . / . . ., 1986.
, 1988 . ., . . / . . // . ., 1988. . XXIII.
1982 . 3. - . . 2. // . . , 39. ., 1982.
1986 . / . . // . . 1986. . XVIII.
1969 X. /. . ., 1969.
1967 . / . . // . . . ., 1967.
1978 . . // . ., 1978. . VIII.
1957 . : / . . ., 1957.
1958 . . . ., 1895. .. : ., 1958.
1970 . . // . ., 1970.
1981 . . . . . ., 1981.
1991 . . "" "" . // . . XX . . ., 1991.
Masson-Oursel 1936 Masson-Oursel P. Les prefixes verbaux en indo-europeen et leur influence sur la logique // Actes du Congres Intern, de Philosophie scientifique. Paris 1935. III. Langage et pseudo-proble-mes. P.: Hermann et Cie, 1936.
Russel 1959 Russel B. Logical atomism // Logical positivism / Ed. by A. J. Ayer. Glencoe (Illin.), 1959.
Russel 1980 Russel B. An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth. The William James lectures for 1940. Delivered at Harvard Univ. L.; Boston; Sydney: Unwin Paperbacks, 1980.
Spriot 1985 Seriot P. Analyse du discours politique sovietique. (Cultures et Societes de l'Est. 2). P.: Institut d'etudes slaves, 1985.
Vendler 1967 Vendler Z. Causal Relations // The Journal oT Philosophy. Vol. 64, 21(1967).