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XX




" " (1),

" " (2),

" " (3), " (4),

" " (5),

(6), " " (7)

, XX ., , ,


. , - . " " [ 1990, 604], "" . . , :

"" : 1) , ; 2) , , "", , , . , . . , " " () , " ", . . " , . , , () ".

( II, 1, ) , , , , , " ", ! XX .

1. " "

, , , . , .



, , ( . . , ), XX . .

, , " " "", , 1880 . " " ("Pinzipien der Sprachgeschichte") , -, , , 1920- . ( 1920 . , , ).

" , , . , , , , , - , , . . , , , . , . . , . , , - , , . . , .


, , . , , . , " [ 1960, 58-59].

(, , ) " ". , - , , , " " , , .

2. " "

, - , , -, , , ( ) ( , , ).

( : "- , . 1925 ., , , , " [ 1954, 32]. , -



13'


 


, . . . , . . , " " " " [1990, 418]. " ".)

, , ( ); .

. , , , " "? 1925 ( . " ") ( ) . ( ) " " . , "" 1878 .? , . " " . ( ) : " , " ("La langue est un syste-me ou tout se tient").

3. " "

, (, ), . . , , -


, : " - . . , , , - , , ( . )" [Brndal 1943, 96]. , " , , , .

(, , , , 40-50- , ) " , .

, . . , 1925 . : " , . , , , , . , -- -- (. ch), -g-; -- -g- , 1' [ 1954, 78]. , , . -, , : , , , , ; , . -, , -




 


- (, . ). -, , , . . , , "", , . , , . , , . . . 1910 .: " , , , , , . , , " [ 1963, 201]. : " , ( . .) , , " ", , - ".

, " ", , :

;

, , . . "
", ;


;

"", . ., ,
- .


. , ( , ) " " ( 1943 . "Omkring sprogteoriens grundlaeg-gelse", 1953 . "Prolegomena to a theory of language"; . . [- 1960, 270]:

"A priori , ( ) , . , , . . , , , (calculus) . , , , , , , ( ) , ".

.

4. " "

" " , , " ", . , .




 


. . .

. , , , , , , , , , , . .

: , , , .

, . , . , , , , , .

, , (" "). . . (, , ) . , , -


. "". , , . ( : [ 1975, 228-229].) (. [ 1977].)

(, , ; ; , . .), , . . , , . . , , "". " " " " " " - "" "".

5. " "

, (, , ) , , , , . " ".

-, , " " " " ( ), . " " ("On linguistic characterology with illustrations from Modern English") 1928 r. [Mathesius 1966a]. . " (: ) ": 1) , , ,




 


( ); 2) ( ).

( ) . , -, : - ; , 1- . .. "I" "". ( , , , "".) - (1) (2):

(1) I haven't been allowed even to meet any of the company;

(2) Man gestattete mir nicht mit irgendjemandem der Gesellschaft
auch nur zusammenzukommen.

(" ")

, : , . . ( ) .

(- ):

(3) You may take your oath there are a hundred thousand peo
ple in London that'll like it if they can only be got to know about it.

 

(4) Sie kgnnen Gift darauf nehmen, es gibt ein Hundert Tau-
send Leute in London, den es gefallen wird, wenn man sie nur dazu
bringen kann, es kennen zu lernen.


(" , , , ".)

.

" " , , , - "" ( 5 6):

(5) Upon examination of these I found a certain boldness
growing in me " , ,
";

(6) found himself pushed... into Mrs. Douglas's drawing-
room " ,
".

( . , , , Elle s'est fait faire la coiffure par un tres cher coiffeur . " ", Elle s'en-tend dire par quelqu'un . " [], - ", . " " (1965 . 93 " ") [ 1965]).

( ) . ( . . , ) , , - "" , , () (. , 2).

. . "" . ( ) -




 


" " (" " - ) " ", , " - " ( . . ). ( " ") ( " " ) ( ""). . . , . . . , " - " [ 1988]. " " , , . . ( , . .) . . (1947 1992), , ; . [- 1979]. , . . (. S. Dryer), . (J. . Hawkins) .

"" . . , (1911.) " " [Mathesius 1966 b], . . 1928 ., , . " " (" potencialnosti v jazyce", "Slovo a slovesnost" I, 1935; [ArtymoviC 1966].) . . . , (. 3). , . . , "". " , -


, , . , (), . , , . "-", . . , "" (implementation) , . . , in potentia, , , , . . , , "", . , , "". : , , in potentia. (implemented phonemes) , , (realized words) [Artymovic" 1966, 76-77].

. , , , , , "" (a sign) " " (a token). , , . . (., , [ 1951, 176-177]).

( "") " ", " ", , ( , ) (., , "" "" , .




 


"" 1983 . (. ..) [ 1983,
586]. " "
"
". ( "" ,
""
"".)

, ; , , , '" , 7. .

6.

, , . 1960- ., , , . , *.

. 1962 . " " (The Logical Basis of Linguistic Theory" [Chomsky 1962]; . . [ 1965]; . , , , , ).

" , , ; , , , , ,

. . . ( . "").


. ( "" , . . . .) , , .. .... , , .... , , . ", "...., , , , . , , .... , , , , , , -langue... " [ 1965,465-467].

, , , 1960- . , . , , -. , , XIX . , , "", (. . ) , , , . , (, ) " -



" . , , , .

, , , " " [ 1980], . . 2- 1980 . " ", , , , " " . . 1893 ( . 85 2- ) " " : , . . . , , ; ; ; ( ) ". . , ( ) ".... ; ; . . , , , , .... , , : , ( . . ).

, ( ) , , . "" .


, , , . .

" , , , , . , ( ) , " [ 1965, 472], , " , , " [ ].

, , , .

, , , , .

, " " .

" , . , XIX . . , ... " [ , 473], . . , : " , " [. "Uber die Verschiedenheit des Menschlichen Sprachbaues", Berlin, 1836, 8, LV; " "). " " ( " -




 


" . ). " "? . - , . "Die Sprache besteht, neben den schon geformten Elementen, ganz vorzuglich auch aus Methoden, die Arbeit des Geistes, welcher sie die Bahn und die Form vorzeichnet, weiter fortzusetzen" [ 9, LXXVII] " , , , ".

. "Das in dieser Arbeit des Geistes, den articulierten Laut zum Ge-dankenausdruck zu erheben, Hegende Bestandige und Gleichformige, so volktandig als moglich, in seinem Zusammenhange aufgefasst, und syste-matisch dargestellt, macht die Form der Sprache aus" [ 8, LVIII] " , , , , , ."

( ) . (, , [ 1984], . ) , " " , () . , (" "), . , , , , : , ; , , , , " " . , ( , , . ) (. . " "), "", " ".

. , -, , , , ,


. , , : " XIX . , , ...: ... []... , " [ 1965, 479].

" " . , , , . " " : "" , , , , . . ( . 446) . . : " , , , , " (" ", . . [ 1960, 131-132]. . : ... " " . , , [ 1965, 478]. , , "" .

, , . , - ( ) . , , , "-




 


", , " ". ( " " . . . 1960-70- ., [ 1972].)

, , , "", . " " . (. . ).

. , " ". . . , " . . " [ 1982]. " ", . .

, : " .... (Ergon), (Energeia). " [ 1984, 70]. , , , : " "! "" , ? "", , . , "" "", ; , . . , . "",, , -


"",, . , , "", " , ". . , : " ", " ", . ., [Lid-del Scott Jones 1985, 564]. , "" (. VIII, . 6, 1045 b 19): " , , , (), ()..." ( [ 1976, 233]).

, , , , .

, , " ", - . , , , "", " ", " " . . . . , . 3. - :

language and communication language and culture language and gestures language and informing language and man language and mind language and nation language and national spirit language and reality language and society language and speech language and thought language and world language as a functional system




 


language as activity
language as calculus
language as classificatory system
language as code
language as cognitive instrument
language as convention
language as energeia
language as form
language as functional system
language as instrument of communication
i language as instrument

language as message vs. language as expression language as representation

language as secondary modelling system

language as semiotic code

language as semiotic

language as structure

language as system vs. language as activity

language as system

language as tool of communication

, , . , "" - , : . , () 1960- .: . , , , , .

7. " 1

, , -


XX . : , , , , .

, "", , - . " ":"... " [ 1988, 354]. - , , , " . , . . . .

, , " ", " ", ; , . , , , " " , . , , , - . " , , ". -, ( , , ), .... -




 


" ", ... [ 1993, 289-290].

, , " ", .

, ( ), , "". .

, " ". : " ". , , . ( , 1985 ., : " . , , ", . [ 1985].

, , , , " ". " " " ", , , , ; -- .

1976 . // . . 4- . ., 1976. . I.


1963 . .. / . . //' . . . ., 1963. . II.

1972 . . // . - - . . . . . . . 3-, . ., 1972.

1984 . / . . ., 1984.

1960 . / . . // . ., 1960. . I.

1979 . . - . . ... . . . ., 1979.

1990 .

., 1990.

1951 . . // . . . . 1951. T. XXVIII.

1954 . / . . ., 1954.

1960 . / . . ., 1960.

1993 . . . XIX-XX . ., 1993.

1982 . . . . . ., 1982.

1988 . . - . . . . . ., 1988.

1980 . ., 1980. . II. .

1983 / . . . . ., 1983.

1977 . . - . ., 1977.

1965 . . . ., 1965.



1975 . . . ., 1975.

1985 . . . , , . ., 1985.

1988 . / . . // . ., 1988.

1965 . / . . // . ., 1965. . IV.

Artymovic 1966 ArtymoviC A. On the Potentiality of Language // A Prague School Reader in Linguistics. Compiled by. J. Va-chek. Bloomington; L.: Univ. Press, 1966.

Brondal 1943 Brondal V. Essais de linguistique generale. Copenhague, 1943.

Chomsky 1962 Chomsky N. The Logical Basis of Linguistic Theory // Preprints of Papers for the Ninth. Intern. Congress of Linguists. Cambridge (Mass.), 1962.

Liddell - Scott - Jones 1985 Liddell - Scott - Jones: A Greec-English Lexicon compiled by H. G. Liddell and R. Scott. Revised and augment, throughout by H. S. Jones. With a Supplement 1968. Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, 1985.

Mathesius 1966 a Mathesius V. On the potentiality of the Phenomena of Language // A Prague School Reader in Linguistics. Compiled by J. Vachek. Bloomington and L.; Indiana Univ. Press, 1966.

Mathesius 1966 b Mathesius V. On linguistic Characterology with illustrations from Modern English // Idem.


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