. (8 .%), . , K(AlSi3O8) , Al4(OH)8(Si4O10) , (Na,K)(AlSiO4)- , K[Al3(OH)6(SiO4)2] . Al2O3*n2. 50% , 26% - .
, . , . Zn, Pb, Fe, Cu Al. CuGaS2.
Al , .
200 220 0, t ~ 1200 0. , , , Al()3, , Fe Si ( ), . , , .
:
Al2O3 NaAlO2
1. Fe2O3 + Na2CO3 2 NaFeO2 + CO2
SiO2 Na2SiO3
2.
NaFeO2 + 2 H2O = Fe(OH)3¯ + NaO
3.
Na2SiO3 + Ca(OH)2 = CaSiO3¯ + 2NaOH
Fe Si Al()3:
4. 2NaAlO2 + CO2 + H2O 2Al(OH)3¯ + Na2CO3
2Al(OH)3 Al2O3 + 3 H2O
50 60%
Al23 Na3AlF6, 6 8% 9500.
(t. Al23 = 2050 0) AlF3, CaF2, MgF2. , , , . 80 150 4 5. , , :
Al2O3 Al3+ + AlO33-
(-) Al3+ + 3- → Al
(+) AlO33- + 3 6- → Al3+ + 3έ
Al . LiF, LiCl , , , .
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Ga(OH)3, (Zn, Pb, Cu, Fe). , .
2JnCl3 + 3Zn = 3ZnCl2 + 2Jn
Tl2SO4 + Zn = 3ZnSO4 + 2Tl
Ga(OH)3 NaOH ( 1: 6), Jn JnCl3.
, , , . Jn Tl . Al Tl. (30 0) .
2.1
R ., | , /3 | J ., | : 3+ + 3- = , | t .., 0C | , % | ||
Al | 0,143 | 2.7 | 5,99 | -1,66 | 1,47 | ||
Ga | 0,139 | 5.9 | 6,00 | -0,52 | 1,5×10-3 | 1,89 | |
Jn | 0,166 | 7.3 | 5,79 | -0,32 | 156,4 | 1×10-5 | 1,49 |
Tl | 0,171 | 11.9 | 6,11 | -0,34 | 3×10-4 | 1,44 |
: 30 2237 0. , (Ga2), . Ga2 . (60% ).
. - :
Al Ga Jn Tl
Al , , - (10-5 ). Ga Jn , Tl , ( ) . :
2S3, Tl2S. Al2S3 Ga2S3 ; Jn2S3 Tl2S3 .
N Al, Ga Jn. , :
GaN + NaOH + 3H2O = Na[Ga(OH)4] + NH3
- , . AlP, GaP JnP :
AlP + 3H2O = Al(OH)3 + PH3
. Al, Ga, Jn, Tl (Mg¼ Al ¼Mn¼ Ga ¼Cd¼ Jn ¼ Tl ¼H¼), , . :
2 Al + 6 2 2 Al()3 + 3 2
Tl :
2 Tl + 2H2O = 2TlOH + H2
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, - (H2SO4(), HCl) , Tl , TlCl Tl2SO4. Al HNO3 H2SO4(.). Al .
2Ga + 4H2SO4(.) = Ga2(SO4)3 + S + 4H2O
3Tl + 4HNO3() = 3TlNO3 + NO + 2H2O
. , Al Ga , : Jn Tl :
2Al + 6NaOH + 6H2O = 2Na3[Al(OH)6] + 3H2
2Tl + 6NaOH + 3H2O2 = 2Na3[Tl(OH)6]
(Mn, Cr, W, V .) ( Ca, Sr, Ba .). .. 19 .
3ZrO2 + 4Al 3 Zr + 2Al2O3
3 Fe3O4 + 8Al 4Al2O3 + 9Fe
. :
4Al + 3O2 = 2Al2O3 DH0 = -3351
, 75% 25% Fe3O4 () 2400 0.
- :
23 Al, Ga, Jn , Tl Tl2.
Al23 Ga23 Jn23 Tl23 Tl2
. . . . .
. . .(.) . .
-576,4 -996 -837 -318
Tl23 Tl (+3) Tl2 .
3 Tl2 + 23 = 2 Tl23
100 0 Tl23 2.
Al23 , a- Al23, . , Al Al (- ). : Cr (+3), Ti (+3) Fe (+3).
Al23 , . . , ( Tl23) . 23 , Tl2, Tl:
23 + 2NaOH + 3H2O = 2Na[(OH)4]
23 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O
Tl2 + H2O = 2Tl
. ()3, Tl.
Al()3 Ga()3 Jn()3 Tl()3 Tl
. . . -. .
. . .(.) .
:
(NO3)3 + 3NaOH = ()3 + 3NaNO3
Al, Ga, Jn, Tl, 100 0 .
()3 23
Tl
2 Tl Tl2 = 5
Al, Ga, Jn , , .
()3 + NaOH = Na[()4]
4 (sp3 ) . .. = 6 (sp3d2 ), , [Al()6]3-.
Tl+ Tl+ Rb+ , , . , Tl+ Ag+.
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, , (3). :
3Li[AlH4] + 3NH3 4AlH3 + LiCl
.
2AlH3 2Al + 3H2
(JnH3)n + nNaOH = nNa[JnH4]
. .
(AlH3) (AlH3)n (GaH3)2 (JnH3)n TlH3
. . .
s- , ( ).
LiH + AlH3 = Li[AlH4]
Li[GaH4] + 4H2O = 4H2 + Ga(OH)3 + LiOH
. Ga3+, Jn3+, Tl3+, . Ga3+ Jn3+ , Tl3+ - . 3+ :
Al2(SO4)3 + H2O = 2AlOHSO4 + H2SO4
NaAlO2 + H2O = Al(OH)3 + NaOH
Ga2S3 + 6 H2O = 2Ga(OH)3¯ + 3H2S
Tl+ .
3, . , , . ( ) , , Al3 Tl3.
GaCl3 + H2O = GaOHCl2 + HCl
Al, Ga, Jn Tl 2l6 :
, - , - ns2 np6.
- F3 J3. , Tl 40 0:
TlJ3 = J2 + TlJ
. (.. = 6):
AlF3 + 3KF = K3[AlF6]
JnBr3 + NH3 = [Jn(NH3)6]Br3
Tl+ (TlF, Tll, TlBr, TlJ) , , . , Tl+ :
Tll3 + Tll = Tl[Tll4]
- - ( Tl+3 , Tl+ - ). 23 ( Ga, Jn, Tl) , Tl23 :
Tl23 Tl2 + 2
(+1) , (+1) (+1) .
TlCl + KBiO3 + 6HCl = Bi + TlCl3 + KCl + 3H2O
TlNO3 + Cl2 + 3KOH = Tl(OH)3¯ + KNO3 + 2KCl
. , , , , . l - 900 0. l23 lN , , , .
, Al2(SO4)3 , K Al(SO4)2 * 122 , , l3 .
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Ga, Jn Tl , . GaP GaAs - . . , , , . .
, . TlBr TlJ , Tl2S .
1. , 298 1000 WO3 + 2Al = W + Al2O3?
2. - Al3+ , - Al2Cl6 NAlF6.
3. l2S3 , ?
4. , , (/) - Tl2S4 TlNS, .
5. Tl2CrO4, 20 0 9,8 * 10-13.
6. ? .
7.
Al / 0,01 Al2(SO4)3 // Cr2(SO4)3 / Cr
.
8. 3 ( )?
9. . .
10. 2 Al()3. ? .