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! :
x= Δ x (n =..., P =...). (1)
n P, Δ x.
:
Δ x = ts Sx / , (2)
:
Sx = , (3)
:
= , (4)
ts .
, n ( ) P, 1. P, ts , n. , P = 80% n = 5 ts = 1,5.
1.
(1) , .. Δ x, .
2.
(t=0, p=0,1 (1 ))
, /3 | |
1010-1060 | |
383 | |
820 - 950 | |
() | |
785-790 | |
( ) | |
11 | |
3. , ,
,/ | , /3 0 | , /3 20 | |||
N2 | 28.02 | 1,4 | 1.250 | 1.165 | |
NH3 | 17.031 | 1,33 | 0.769 | 0.717 | |
Ar | 1,67 | 1.7837 | 1.661 | ||
C2H2 | 1,33 | 1.170 | 1.092 | ||
C4H10 | 1,33 | 2.5 | 2.489 | ||
C4H8 | 56.11 | 1,33 | 2.504 | 2.504 | |
C6H6 | 78.11 | 1,33 | 3.486 | 3.486 | |
H2 | 2.016 | 1,4 | 0.0899 | ||
H2O | 18.016 | 1,33 | 0.804 | 0.804 | |
1,4 | 1.293 | 1.205 | |||
He | 4,02 | 1,67 | 0.1785 | 0.1664 | |
NO | 30.0 | 1,4 | 1.249 | ||
O2 | 1,4 | 1.429 | 1.331 | ||
Kr | 1,67 | 3,74 | |||
Xe | 1,67 | 5,89 | |||
,/ | , /3 0 | , /3 20 | |||
CH4 | 16.043 | 1,33 | 0.717 | 0.668 | |
() | C7H8 | 92.141 | 1,33 | 4.111 | |
Ne | 20.179 | 1,67 | 0.8999 | ||
O3 | 48.0 | 1,33 | 2.14 | ||
SO2 | 64.06 | 2.279 | 2.926 | ||
C3H8 | 44.09 | 1,33 | 1.882 | ||
H2S | 34.076 | 1,33 | 1.434 | ||
C3H6 | 42.1 | 1,33 | 1,92 | 1.748 | |
CO2 | 44,01 | 1,33 | 1.977 | 1.842 | |
CO | 28,01 | 1,4 | 1.250 | 1.165 | |
Cl2 | 70.906 | 1,4 | 3,22 | 2.994 | |
C2H6 | 30.07 | 1,33 | 1,36 | 1.264 | |
C2H4 | 28.03 | 1,33 | 1.260 | ||
1,33 | 1.11 |
4. (p=0,1 =760 .. (1 ))
|
|
, tC | , /3 |
1,293 | |
1,284 | |
1,275 | |
1,266 | |
1,257 | |
1,247 | |
1,239 | |
1,230 | |
1,221 | |
1,213 | |
1,205 | |
1,197 | |
1,189 | |
1,181 | |
1,173 | |
1,165 | |
0,946 | |
0,746 | |
0,615 | |
0,456 | |
0,329 | |
0,277 |
5. βt βt
200 0,1 (1 )
p, | t,oC | ||||||||||
1-10 | 10-20 | 40-50 | 60-70 | 90-100 | |||||||
βt10-3K-1 | |||||||||||
0.1 | 0.014 | 0.150 | 0.422 | 0.556 | 0.719 | ||||||
0.043 | 0.165 | 0.422 | 0.548 | 0.704 | |||||||
0.072 | 0.183 | 0.426 | 0.539 | 0.691 | |||||||
0.149 | 0.236 | 0.429 | 0.523 | 0.661 | |||||||
0.229 | 0.289 | 0.437 | 0.514 | 0.621 | |||||||
βt 200 0,1 | |||||||||||
βt10-3K-1 | 0,10 | 0,5 | 0,72 | 0,9 | 0,6 | 0,18 | |||||
6.
βt 103 (˚C) | ||||||||
20 | ||||||||
, 50% | 0,84 | 0,88 | 0,92 | 0,97 | 1,03 | 1,09 | ||
1,84 | 2,15 | 2,42 | 2,8 | 3,2 | 4,3 | 6,2 | 14,5 | |
0,83 | 0,84 | 0,86 | 0,88 | 0,91 | 0,95 | 1,01 | ||
1,31 | 1,35 | 1,43 | 1,52 | 1,62 | 1,88 | 2,12 | ||
1,18 | 1,22 | 1,26 | 1,3 | 1,37 | 1,43 | 1,57 | ||
0,83 | 0,85 | 0,88 | 0,91 | 0,94 | 0,98 | 1,03 | 1,09 | |
0,06 | 0,21 | 0,39 | 0,53 | 0,63 | 0,75 | 0,86 | ||
1,16 | 1,22 | 1,37 | 1,48 | 1,57 | 1,7 | 1,85 | 1,97 | |
(.) | 1,64 | 1,75 | 1,92 | 2,23 | 2,61 | 3,15 | 3,9 | 4,4 |
1,07 | 1,11 | 1,16 | 1,21 | 1,26 | 1,31 | 1,37 | 1,44 | |
1,45 | 1,51 | 1,63 | 1,76 | 1,85 | 2,16 | 2,6 | 3,1 | |
0,98 | 1,01 | 1,05 | 1,08 | 1,12 | 1,16 | 1,2 | 1,27 | |
, 25% | 0,35 | 0,35 | 0,39 | 0,43 | 0,46 | 0,49 | 0,51 | 0,55 |
1,09 | 1,14 | 1,19 | 1,27 | 1,3 | 1,42 | 1,61 | 1,81 | |
, 20% | 0,36 | 0,41 | 0,46 | 0,5 | 0,54 | 0,58 | 0,62 | |
0,81 | 0,82 | 0,84 | 0,86 | 0,88 | 0,89 | 0,91 | ||
1,09 | 1,11 | 1,14 | 1,17 | 1,22 | 1,27 | 1,34 | 1,42 | |
1,13 | 1,14 | 1,19 | 1,28 | 1,41 | 1,6 | 1,84 | 2,05 | |
, 30% | 0,52 | 0,52 | 0,51 | 0,5 | 0,52 | 0,56 | 0,6 | |
1,04 | 1,07 | 1,11 | 1,17 | 1,24 | 1,33 | 1,44 | ||
1,05 | 1,07 | 1,11 | 1,14 | 1,18 | 1,23 | 1,3 | ||
() | 0,75 | 0,79 | 0,82 | 0,86 | 0,9 | 0,95 | 0,99 | |
0,92 | 0,94 | 0,97 | 1,0 | 1,03 | 1,07 | 1,11 | 1,16 | |
1,18 | 1,2 | 1,27 | 1,34 | 1,43 | 1,53 | 1,65 | 1,8 | |
1,22 | 1,26 | 1,22 | 1,26 | 1,32 | 1,37 | 1,5 | 1,62 | |
1,14 | 1,03 | 1,35 | 1,46 | 1,52 | 1,6 | 1,76 | 1,94 | |
1,18 | 1,05 | 1,08 | 1,13 | 1,22 | 1,33 | 1,44 | 1,87 |
|
|
7. 150 1000 C
t, C | ||
/ | / | |
150 | 216,7 | 780,1 |
100 | 263,7 | 949,2 |
50 | 299,3 | 1077,6 |
20 | 318,8 | 1147,8 |
10 | 325,1 | 1170,3 |
331,5 | 1193,4 | |
337,3 | 1214,1 | |
343,1 | 1235,2 | |
348,9 | 1256,2 | |
360,3 | 1296,9 | |
387,1 | 1393,7 | |
436,0 | 1569,5 | |
479,8 | 1727,4 | |
520,0 | 1872,1 | |
557,3 | 2006,4 | |
715,2 | 2574,8 |
8. ( 20-20000 )
(/) | |
(0 C) | |
(300 C) | |
(0 C) | 1284-1286 |
(0 C) | 965-972 |
(20 C) | |
(0 C) | |
(0 C) | |
IV (O2) (0 C) | |
IV (O2) (100 C) | |
(0 C) | |
(100 C) | |
(0 C) | |
(0 C) | |
25 C | |
(/) | |
(199C) | |
(17 C) | |
(20 C) | |
(/) | |
(0 C) | |
(20 C) | |
(30 C) | |
(74 C) - | |
(100 C) | |
(20 C) | |
(256C) | |
(269C) | |
(20 C) | |
(182,9C) | |
(232C) | |
(NaCl) 20% (15 C) | |
(330 C) | |
c ( R10) | |
(20 C) |
9.
η, 10 -6 | 150 | 200 | 250 | 300 | 400 |
10.0 | 12.9 | 15.5 | 17.9 | 22.1 | |
6.89 | 8.53 | 10.3 | 13.9 | ||
12.3 | 16.0 | 19.5 | 22.7 | 28.5 | |
10.3 | 13.5 | ||||
13.2 | 15.8 | 20.2 | |||
5.57 | 6.78 | 7.90 | 8.94 | 10.9 | |
9.13 | 13.2 | ||||
10.3 | 13.2 | 16.0 | 18.5 | 23.0 | |
12.3 | 15.0 | 17.5 | 19.9 | 24.3 | |
11.3 | 14.6 | 17.8 | 20.7 | 25.9 | |
7.76 | 9.53 | 11.2 | 14.2 | ||
19.4 | 23.9 | 28.0 | 31.7 | 38.4 | |
(II) | 10.5 | 13.6 | 16.6 | 19.3 | 24.1 |
(II) | 9.84 | 12.7 | 15.4 | 17.8 | 22.1 |
(IV) | 10.2 | 12.6 | 15.0 | 19.5 | |
7.1 | 8.3 | 9.5 | |||
6.43 | 7.96 | 9.45 | 12.2 | ||
7.1 | 8.8 | 10.4 | 13.5 |
|
|
10.
η, 10 -3 | 0C | 20C | 50C | 70C | 100C |
= | 0.32 | 0.25 | = | = | |
0.73 | 0.52 | 0.37 | 0.26 | 0.22 | |
= | 0.65 | 0.44 | 0.35 | = | |
1.80 | 1.01 | 0.55 | 0.41 | 0.28 | |
2.2 | 1.5 | 0.95 | 0.75 | 0.54 | |
= | 1.2 | 0.62 | 0.50 | 0.38 | |
= | = | ||||
0.28 | 0.24 | = | = | = | |
= | 1.54 | 1.40 | = | 1.24 | |
0.82 | 0.58 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.2 | |
(96%) | 1.8 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.3 |
= | 0.61 | 0.45 | 0.37 | 0.29 |
:
[1] . 5 1 3 ().
[2] . 3 1 3 ().
[3] , .