.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





, . , :

You speak English. () -.

You must speak English. -. You may speak English. -. ( .)

, , . . , .

, ().

: Can you help ? Yes, I can. No, I can't. ? . .

 

:

CCLTI , , could

, , -:

j can swim. ( ) .

I could translate this text. ( , ) .

to be able to ( - ): j shall be able to help you when I am free. , .

 

may , ( -), might May I help you? ? Yes, you may. , .

may to be allowed to ( -).

will be allowed to take the book. .

 

must , . You must write it down now. .

must to have to to be to, . to have to , , , to be to , , .

She had to stay at home. ( ) .

The train was to arrive at 8 in the evening 8 . ( ).

to.

must ought to, should ( , , ) shall ( ).

You should enter the Institute. (, ),

should .

You should have helped them. . ( ).

Shall I read? ?

 

Would :

. Would you help ? ?

. would often help . , , .

3) - . wouldn't listen to . .

 

need , , , . You needn't do it now. .

 

Exercise 6.7. Analyze the use of modal verbs and translate the following- sentences:

Who can answer my question?

Nobody could translate this text.

He ought to do this task at once.

Must I attend this meeting? No, you needn't.

You should have shown your notes to the teacher. 6.1 asked him, but he wouldn't listen to me.

 

They should visit her, she is in the hospital.

Last summer we would often go to the country.

Your son can do this work himself.

Would you tell me the way to the station?

Your friend might have informed us.

May I leave for a while? Yes, you may.

She should be more attentive at the lessons.

You needn't come so early.

 

Exercise 6.8. Insert necessary modal verbs.

1.1... not go to the theatre with them last night, I... revise the grammar rules and the words for the test. 2. My friend lives a long way from his office and... get up early. 3. All of us... be in time for classes. 4. When my friend has his English, he... stay at the office after work. He (not)... stay at the office on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday and... get home early. 5.... you... work hard to do well in your English? 6. ... we discuss this question now? No, we.... We... do it tomorrow afternoon*. 7. I'm glad you... come. 8. ... you... come #nd have dinner with us tomorrow? I'dloveto. 9. Please send them this article*. Oh,... I do it now?*

 

Exercise 6.9. Translate into English using modal verbs.

1. ? , . 2. . 3. ? , , . 4. , ? 5. . . 6. , . 7. , . 8. ? , . . 9. . .10. ? , . 11. , , , .

 

 

L ecture 7

 

Text t: USA

The United States of America is the 4th largest country in the world after Russia, Canada and China. It occupies the central part of the North American continent.

The United States of America is a federal republic, consisting of 50 states including the states of Alaska and Hawaii. Outlying areas include Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, and the US Virgin Islands.

The northern boundary is partly formed by the Great Lakes and the St Lawrence River; the southern boundary is partly formed by the Rio Grande. United States also has a sea-border with Russia.

The total area of the United States (including the District of Columbia) is 9,809,155 sq km, of which 1,700,139 sq km are in Alaska and 28,313 sq km are in Hawaii. Inland waters cover 507,788 sq km of the total area.

The country is washed by 3 oceans: the Arctic, the Atlantic and the Pacific. The country has many lakes, with the Great Lakes included. There are also many rivers on the US territory. The longest of them are the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Columbia, the Rio Grande and some others. On the US territory there are mountains and lowlands. The highest mountains are the Rocky Mountains, the Cordillera and the Sierra Nevada. The highest peak, Mount McKinley, is located in Alaska.

The climate conditions are rather different. The country is rich in natural and mineral resources: oil, gas, iron ore, coal and various metals.

The USA is a highly developed industrial and agricultural country. The main industrial branches are aircraft, rocket, automobile, electronics, radio-engineering and others.

Americans are made up from nearly all races and nations. The country population is over 250 mln. The national symbol of the USA is its national flag Stars and Stripes*, having 50 white stars and 13 white and red stripes on its field, symbolising the number of the original and present day states.

Officially the country comprises 50 states and one District of Columbia. The states differ in size, population and economic development. Each state has its own capital. The capital of the USA is Washington. It is situated in the District of Columbia on the banks of the Potomac river and is named after the 1st US President _ George Washington. There are many large cities in the country: New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, San-Francisco, Cleveland and some others.

The United States of America is a federal state, headed by the President. According to the US Constitution the powers of the Government are divided into 3 branches: legislative, executive and judicial.

The legislative power belongs to the Congress consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate represents the states while the House of Representatives the population. The executive power belongs to the President and his Administration (Vice-President and Cabinet of Ministers). The judicial power belongs to the Supreme Court and the system of Federal, state and district courts.

There are several political parties in the USA, the largest of them are the Republican (symbolised by a donkey) and the Democratic (symbolised by an elephant).

 

Vocabulary:

outlying areas

District of Columbia

inland waters

to pass

frontier

to include

lowlands

peak ,

to be located

aircraft

to be made up from ,

stripe

to symbolize legislative power to represent - to belong donkey

 

Add to your active vocabulary:

a) Great Plains
Appalachian mountains
Rocky mountains

Add to your vocabulary:

b) driveway ,
sidewalk

drive-thru shop ,

toll-road ()

par

Lecture 7

tamate conditions are rather different. The country ^%\n m natural and mineral resources: oil, gas, iron >| and various metals.

^ SA is a highly developed industrial and agricul-

tuii i mtry. The main industrial branches are aircraft, rolfs Vitomobile, electronics, radio-engineering and

 

V X leans are made up from nearly all races and na-/^ country population is over 250 mln. The na-ti^* mbol of the USA is its national flag Stars and Sy\, having 50 white stars and 13 white and red sP vh its field, symbolising the number of the origi- J 'lf \b resent day states.

|ict; ally the country comprises 50 states and one U .ft$ bf Columbia. The states differ in size, popula- ■fffy ^economic development. Each state has its own A The capital of the USA is Washington. It is situ-//\^he District of Columbia on the banks of the fi ^river and is named after the 1st US President _ (W; V ashington. There are many large cities in the / .New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia, f|ii ^^San-Francisco, Cleveland and some others. ^Aiited States of America is a federal state, headed U Resident. According to the US Constitution the t'l ^v Government are divided into 3 branches: l6^\e> executive and judicial.

'i^Vislative power belongs to the Congress consist- kk\ Senate and the House of Representatives. The y ^VPresents the states while the House of Repre ss \s the population. The executive power be- Is 'Vthe President and his Administration (Vice- \\ and Cabinet of Ministers). The judicial power the Supreme Court and the system of Federal, district courts.

There are several political parties in the USA, the larg est of them are the Republican (symbolised by a donkey) land the Democratic (symbolised by an elephant).

 

Vocabulary:

outlying areas

District of Columbia

inland waters

to pass

frontier

to include

lowlands

peak ,

to be located

aircraft

to be made up from ,

stripe

to symbolize legislative power to represent - to belong donkey

 

Add to your active vocabulary:

a) Great Plains
Appalachian mountains
Rocky mountains

Add to your vocabulary:

b) driveway ,
sidewalk

drive-thru shop ,

toll-road () toll-free road highway, parkway, thruway turnpike shopping-mall shopping plaza ,

free delivery

telephone order

sale

discount

seasons sale

clearance sale

discount coupon

free gift

 

Exercise 7.1. Translate into English:

, .

, .

48 , .

.

507 .

: , .

.

.

9. .

Text 2: PROZAC - DISCOVERING HAPPINESS?

Since the introduction of Thorazine, various drugs to treat mental illness have been developed. Psychiatrists have prescribed them, and they have been found to work with varying degrees of effectiveness for different people and conditions, while causing a range of side effects. There has been a new antidepressant on the market every two or three years.

In 1987, the antidepressant fluoxetine (Prozac) was introduced. It had been tested and found to be an effective antidepressant with fewer than usual side effects. Doctors began to prescribe it to depressed patients. The results were astonishing. Patients reported feeling bet-ter than well. It not only eased their depression, but seemed to give them a new look at themselves. Prozac users felt they were discovering their own true personalities for the first time, uninhibited by a vague weight that had bogged them down before. It seemed to make cautious people more spontaneous, the introverted more outgoing, the timid more confident. In short, it seemed to improve people's personalities, at least in making them more socially attractive.

Within two years, pharmacies were filling 65,000 Prozac prescriptions per month in the United States alone. Within five years, 4.5 million Americans had taken it. This was the fastest acceptance ever for a psychiatric drug. And because it seemed to go beyond treating illness and actually improve people it gained the status of a celebrity. As Peter Kramer wrote in Listening to Prozac, Prozac enjoyed the career of a true celebrity renown, followed by rumors, then notoriety, scandal, and lawsuits, and finally a quiet rehabilitation*.

Reports emerged that some patients felt more suicidal on Prozac. Lawyers began to defend murder suspects by saying that whatever they did, it was under the influence of a drug Prozac. There was a backlash to the use of the drug, followed by a smaller backlash to the backlash, until Prozac left the front pages and returned to the pharmacist's formulary.

Still, it had opened a new window on an old question about personality and mental health how much of it is biological, and how much experiential?

 

Vocabulary:

mental illness

side effect

astonishing

to ease

uninhibited

vague ,

bog [] , . to get ged down in

cautious

spontaneous

introverted ,

timid ['timid]

pharmacy .,

notoriety , lawsuits to emerge , backlash ['baaklaef] .

General understanding:

1. How often according to the text the antidepressant was prescribed?

What is Prozac?

What effect did it have on patients?

4. Why did Peter Kramer refer to Prozac as a celeb-
rity?

5. How did lawyers use the influence of Prozac?

 

 

i.

( ?, ?, ? . .) . :

1. -
, -
-
, -
, :

says you are right. , . will tell why he was not at school yesterday. , .

2. -
( Past Inde-
finite),


, -
(Future in the Past).

He said he would not go to school tomorrow. , .

, , , Past Continuous ( ) Past Indefinite.

told he was preparing for his exam. , .

, , , Past Perfect. - :

j didn't know he had left for Moscow. , .

(in 1980, yesterday) Past Indefinite. : I thought you were born in 1980.

! Future in the Past will would, :





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