(. ). - , . , . . , , , . , .
, . - ( ), , - , .
. .
'
() Cu | CuCl2 (aq) || CuCl2 (aq), AgCl (.) | Ag (+)
C1 C1
() Cd | CdCl2 | Cl2 (Pt) (+)
( ) , , . :
() Cd 2 = Cd2+
(+) Cl2 + 2e = 2Cl
__________________________
Cd+ C12 = Cd2+ + 2Cl (CdCl2)
. , , , .
, - , ,
()Ag | AgCl (.), 1 || AgNO3 | Ag(+)
:
() Ag + Cl e = AgCl (.)
(+) Ag+ + e = Ag
__________________________
Ag+ + Cl = AgCl (.)
, . NO3 , 1 , :
|
|
AgNO3 + HCl = AgCl (.) + HNO3
() Cd | CdSO4 (aq) || CuSO4 (aq) | Cu(+)
() Cd 2e = Cd2+
(+) Cu2+ +2e = Cu
______________________
Cd + Cu2+ = Cd2+ + Cu
- , u2+ ,
.
(. ). , , ( ), .
() (Hg) Na | NaOH | Na (Hg) (+) 1 > 2
1 2
() (Pt) H2 | l | H2 (Pt) (+) 1 > P2
P1 P2
() (t) 12 | l | Cl2 (Pt) (+) P1 < P2
; .
:
() (Hg) Na e = Na+ + Hg
C1
(+) Hg + Na+ + e = Na (Hg)
2
() (Pt) H2 + 2H2O 2e = 2H3O+
(+) 2H3O+ + 2e= H2 (Pt) + 2H2O
() 2Cl 2e = Cl2 (Pt)
(+) (Pt) Cl2 + 2e = 2Cl
, , .
.
. 2.5.
. 2.5. .
, , , , h1 h2 . , . ,
Hg(I) 2e = Hg2+
Hg2+ +2e = Hg(II)
_________________
Hg(I) = Hg(II)
. . , , .
- - - ( ),
() Cu | CuSO4 || CuSO4 | Cu (+) 1 < C2
() Ag | AgCl (.), HCl || 1, AgCl (.) | Ag (+) C1 > C2
C1 C2
- ( ):
() Pt | FeSO4 || Fe2(SO4)3 | Pt (+)
() Cu 2 = u2+
(+) u2+ + 2 = u
() Ag +Cl e = AgCl (.) (+) AgCl (.) + = Ag + l
. . , .
|
|
:
() Fe2+ e = Fe3+
(+) Fe3+ +e = Fe2+
(, ) SO42. FeSO4 Fe2(SO4)3, Fe2(SO4)3 FeSO4, . . . , F2(SO4)3 FeSO4 . , , .
, , (. . ), :
() (Pt) H2 | HCl, AgCl (.) | Ag Ag | AgCl (.), 1 | H2 (Pt) (+) 1 < C2
P1 C1 C2 P1
()Hg | Hg2SO4 (.), H2SO4 | H2(Pt)(Pt)H2 | H2SO4, Hg2SO4 (.) | Hg(+)C1>C2
C1 P1 P1 C2
. , , . , , .
( ) |
2 + 22 2 = 23+
2AgCl (.) + 2 =2Ag + 2l
2 + 2AgCl (.) + 22 = 2Ag + 23+ + 21
( ) |
23+ + 2 = 2 + 22
2Ag + 2l 2 = 2AgCl (.)
23+ + 2Ag + 2l = 2AgCl (.) + 2 + 22
( ) |
2Hg + SO42 2 = Hg2SQ4 (.)
23O+ +2 = 2 + 22O
2Hg + 23O+ + SO42 = 2 + Hg2SO4 (.) + 22
Hg2SO4 (.) + 2 = 2Hg + SO42 ( )
2H2O + H2 2e = 2H3O+
______________________________________________
22O + Hg2SO4 (.) + 2 = 2Hg + 23+ + SO42
.
. , , .
, , - - , .
() (t) 2 | 1, AgCl (.) | Ag Ag | AgCl (.), 1 | H2 (Pt) (+)
P1 C1 C2 P2
, .